Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 46
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The requirement of "impartial tribunal" as an aspect of the right to fair trial signifies that judges not only must be free from any actual prejudice but also must "appear to a reasonable observer to be impartial". In assessing whether conduct by a judge vis-à-vis a minority individual violates this standard, one should consider specifically how members of the minority would perceive that conduct.