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Title | Date added | Template | Original document | Paragraph text | Body | Document type | Thematics | Topic(s) | Person(s) affected | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Conflict-related sexual violence takes many forms. Women and girls seeking to survive in conflict zones are often compelled to exchange sexual services and even to "marry" for food, shelter, protection or safe passage. UNHCR has affirmed that women in conflict situations are vulnerable to a range of discriminatory practices that exacerbate their dependence (for example, receiving smaller food rations or not having ration cards or other identity documents in their own name) and are disproportionately exposed to sexual violence. For women and girls abducted into military service, sexual assault is often a feature of their experience. Rape has been used as a tactic of war to humiliate and weaken the morale of the enemy, ethnically cleanse the population, destabilize communities and force civilians to flee. Widespread or systematic sexual assault by government and/or opposition or rebel forces has been documented in multiple modern conflicts, including in the reports of the Secretary-General on conflict-related sexual violence, issued annually since 2009, in which he has identified incidents and patterns of sexual violence in conflict-affected countries employed by parties to armed conflict, primarily against women and girls but also against boys and men (see S/2015/203). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The media should be adequately sensitized on the linkage between trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and conflict and be aware of its gender dimension, in order to be able to report correctly about incidents of trafficking affecting girls, boys, women and men occurring in such circumstances. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68e | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Address the root causes of trafficking in persons on the basis of a gender-sensitive approach, in cooperation with civil society organizations, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Identify, protect and assist victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and sexual slavery; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Prevent and prosecute all forms of trafficking of women and girls for temporary, forced and/or servile marriages; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Prevent early marriages, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or in the society of the host country; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Recognize and address the vulnerability of women and girls fleeing conflict to trafficking for sexual exploitation, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or at the hands of the military, extremist groups or family members; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 66c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [States hosting, among persons fleeing conflict, children who may have been or are at risk of being victims of trafficking in persons should:] Recognize the specific vulnerability of trafficked girls or potential victims of trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation in conflict and post-conflict situations and take measure to reduce the vulnerabilities; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 32 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy, features within the broader picture of sexual violence perpetrated against the civilian population during and in the wake of conflicts. The nexus between trafficking in persons and sexual violence is further affirmed in a statement by the President of the Security Council (S/PRST/2015/25) in which the President underscored the urgency of efforts to deter, detect and disrupt trafficking in persons, including by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Recently, an egregious pattern of abductions from their homes or schools of women and girls who are subsequently forced to marry and/or serve as sex slaves has been reported in conflict-affected settings, though some forms of this phenomenon have also been a feature of armed conflicts in the past. Such exploitation, which in some cases involves trafficking for forced marriage and sexual enslavement by extremist groups such as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, Boko Haram and their affiliates, is believed to be a strategy to generate revenue as well as to recruit, reward and retain fighters. In order to prevent such abductions, families are reported to be confining women and girls and removing girls from school (see S/2015/203, para. 61). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 31 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Conflict-related sexual violence takes many forms. Women and girls seeking to survive in conflict zones are often compelled to exchange sexual services and even to "marry" for food, shelter, protection or safe passage. UNHCR has affirmed that women in conflict situations are vulnerable to a range of discriminatory practices that exacerbate their dependence (for example, receiving smaller food rations or not having rations cards or other identity documents in their own name) and are disproportionately exposed to sexual violence. For women and girls abducted into military service, sexual assault is often a feature of their experience. Rape has been used as a tactic of war to humiliate and weaken the morale of the enemy, ethnically cleanse the population, destabilize communities and force civilians to flee. Widespread or systematic sexual assault by government and/or opposition or rebel forces has been documented in multiple modern conflicts, including successive annual reports of the Secretary-General on conflict and related sexual violence since 2009 in which he has identified incidents and patterns of sexual violence in conflict-affected countries employed by parties to armed conflict, primarily against women and girls but also against boys and men (see, for example, S/2015/203). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 26 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates that some 300,000 boys and girls under the age of 18 are involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide. Children can be trafficked into military service by government armed forces, paramilitary groups and rebel groups. Hostilities and widespread displacement, as well as a general lack of security, increases children's vulnerability to being trafficked by armed groups. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 78 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The media should be adequately sensitized about the linkage between trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and conflict, and should be aware of its gender dimension, in order to be able to report correctly about incidents of trafficking affecting girls, boys, women and men living in such circumstances. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73e | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Address the root causes of trafficking in persons on the basis of a gender-sensitive approach, in cooperation with civil society organizations, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73d | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Identify, protect and assist victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and sexual slavery; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Prevent and prosecute all forms of trafficking of women and girls for temporary, forced and/or servile marriages; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Prevent early marriages, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or in the host country; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73a | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Recognize and address the vulnerability of women and girls fleeing conflict to the risk of trafficking for sexual exploitation, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or at the hands of the military, extremist groups or family members; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 71c | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [States hosting, among persons fleeing conflict, children who may have been or are at risk of being victims of trafficking in persons should:] Recognize the specific vulnerability of trafficked girls or potential victims of trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation in conflict and post-conflict situations and take measures to reduce their vulnerabilities; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 65 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | These and other factors do not just create the conditions under which trafficking can occur, they also exacerbate the vulnerability of those who may already be susceptible to being trafficked, including migrants, asylum seekers, refugees, women and girls and children travelling alone. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy, features within the broader picture of sexual violence perpetrated against the civilian population during and in the wake of conflicts. The nexus between trafficking in persons and sexual violence is further affirmed in the statement of the President of the Security Council of 16 December 2015 (S/PRST/2015/25), which underscores the urgency of efforts to deter, detect and disrupt trafficking in persons, including by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Although some form of abduction has been a feature of armed conflicts in the past, recently there has been an egregious pattern of abducting women and girls from their homes or schools in conflict-affected settings. These women and girls may subsequently be forced to marry and/or serve as sex slaves. Such exploitation, which in some cases also involves trafficking for forced marriage and sexual enslavement by extremist groups such as ISIS, Boko Haram and their affiliates, is believed to be a strategy to generate revenue as well as to recruit, reward and retain fighters. For instance, it is reported that Yazidi women and girls are being trafficked for sexual enslavement by ISIS between Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic (A/HRC/32/CRP.2, paras. 127 and 174). In order to prevent such abductions, families are reported to be confining women and girls and removing girls from school (S/2015/203, para. 61). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 19 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Conflict-related violence, such as sexual violence, can itself be a driver of forced internal displacement, which in turn increases vulnerability to further exploitation, including through trafficking. For instance, in Colombia, sexual violence by armed groups has forced ethnic minority women and girls in remote rural areas away from their communities and placed them at greater risk of trafficking within the country as well as overseas. Additionally in Myanmar, worsening security situations and overcrowded camps with inadequate basic services cause some internally displaced persons along the border between Kachin State and China to risk crossing borders into China in an irregular manner in search of employment, putting themselves at high risk of exploitation because of their lack of legal status. Military attacks on camps further worsen displacement and cause undocumented internally displaced persons, including women and unaccompanied children, to flee their camps, exposing them to the risk of being exploited or trafficked. In contexts such as South Sudan, the Sudan and the Syrian Arab Republic, parties to conflict took advantage of the vulnerability of displaced and refugee populations to recruit children and commit crimes, including sexual violence and abduction. Security forces in the Democratic Republic of Congo have trafficked displaced persons as forced labourers in mines. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 22 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Women are significantly involved in trafficking in persons, both as victims and offenders. Data regarding women are among the most interesting findings in the UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014, which confirms that women and girls are disproportionately exploited not only for the purposes of sexual but also labour exploitation. In some regions, such as in South and East Asia, in Africa and the Middle East, women are even the majority of people exploited as forced labour. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 18 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Trafficking of children is on the increase globally, with girls being affected the most. The recently released Global Report on Trafficking in Persons 2014 also notes significant regional differences concerning child trafficking, with children comprising a majority of detected victims of trafficking in Africa and the Middle East. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 | ||
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 30 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Several provisions are also included in the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. For instance, its article 6 provides that:
To discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads to trafficking, each Party shall adopt or strengthen legislative, administrative, educational, social, cultural or other measures including:
a research on best practices, methods and strategies;
b raising awareness of the responsibility and important role of media and civil society in identifying the demand as one of the root causes of trafficking in human beings;
c target information campaigns involving, as appropriate, inter alia, public authorities and policy makers;
d preventive measures, including educational programmes for boys and girls during their schooling, which stress the unacceptable nature of discrimination based on sex, and its disastrous consequences, the importance of gender equality and the dignity and integrity of every human being. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2013 | ||
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 100 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In this context, regional organizations have a key role to play in promoting the elimination of gender-based misconceptions that prevent authorities from providing appropriate protection and assistance to all victims of trafficking, women and men, girls and boys. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 41 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | In addition, it is reported that initiatives to intercept potential victims of trafficking at borders are often misguided and abusive, amounting to a violation of their freedom of movement and stigmatization of the intercepted persons in some cases. For example, girls who were intercepted at the border between Nepal and India were stigmatized upon their return to their communities because the organizations carrying out the interception were known to be involved in anti prostitution work and the girls were thus suspected of having been involved in prostitution. By the same token, some communities have established a community-level vigilance or surveillance committee to prevent trafficking in persons, particularly children. However, evidence suggests that the committees often failed to distinguish between trafficked children and other children leaving their homes to earn money elsewhere, with the result that even adolescents were stopped from migrating from extremely poor villages to seek work in other towns. Destination countries also exercise restrictive immigration control purportedly to prevent potential cases of trafficking. For example, it has been reported that many Brazilian women have been repeatedly denied entry to European Union member States because they looked like prostitutes and thus were suspected to be victims of trafficking. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 33 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | With globalization and changes in demographic trends in developed countries, there is an increased demand for cheap, low-skilled or semi-skilled labour in a wide range of industries, including agriculture, food processing, construction, manufacturing, domestic work and home health care. Those jobs are often dirty, degrading and dangerous and are often not performed by national workers. This gives rise to a significant demand for migrant workers, although this has not been acknowledged or reflected in immigration laws and policies in most developed countries. Furthermore, it is necessary to be cognizant of the gender-specific nature of demand exacerbated by the current economic crisis and globalization, which have caused changes in the international division of labour and labour market demand. As has been observed, the greater demand for trafficked women and girls compared to men and boys has occurred largely in response to this demand-driven reality. Again, the feminization of the labour market results in women being predominantly engaged in the informal sector, characterized by low wages, casual jobs, hazardous working conditions and an absence of collective bargaining mechanisms. It has been argued, consequently, that women are preferred in this sector because they are viewed as submissive, well-suited to simple repetitive tasks, abundant, needy, cheap and pliable. | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2010 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 72b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 77b | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men; | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2016 | ||
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 25 | Aug 19, 2019 | Paragraph | Some forms of trafficking mostly involve women and girls, who comprise the vast majority of people trafficked for sexual purposes and for labour exploitation in domestic servitude. Moreover, women are also trafficked for the purpose of forced and servile marriages (A/HRC/21/41). | Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children | Special Procedures' report |
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| 2015 |