A/70/287 of environmental destruction and resource conflicts as well as uncertainties about who will ultimately be the beneficiary of the carbon credits. 67 69. While some indigenous and small farmer groups support REDD -plus solutions, others reject these and all other market solutions and urge global organizations to recognize and support the sustainable agriculture of family farmers and indigenous people as a way of maintaining global biodiversity and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. In fact, some observers contend that, if well supported and scaled up, projects involving peasants and indigenous peoples could reduce current global emissions by 75 per cent by increasing biodiversity, recuperating soil organic matter, replacing industrial meat production with small-scale diversified food production, expanding local markets, halting deforestation and practising integrated forest management. 68 VIII. Adaptation policies and measures 70. Climate change adaptation policies aim to reduce the vulnerabilit y of social and biological systems by preventing or minimizing the damage caused. Adaptation policies related to food production should focus on helping farmers reduce their exposure and vulnerability to these impacts and strengthen their resilience. 71. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change requires wealthier nations to provide “new and additional financial resources” (art. 4 (3)) to poorer counties to allow them to manage climate change, but the provision has not had a meaningful impact. Article 11 of the Convention establishes a financial mechanism to provide funds to parties for the effective implementation of the Convention. Three funds have been established: the Special Climate Change Fund, the Least Developed Countries Fund and the Adaptation Fund. However, these mechanisms have failed to secure adequate funding as they are based largely on voluntary pledges and contributions from States parties. There is also a lack of public participation in terms of the allocation of funds. 69 Various funding options have been proposed, including levies on aviation and shipping, carbon taxes, a tax on the carbon market and a financial transactions tax, but none has yet gained significant support. 72. The challenges are huge and each region is facing its own climate change issues. Approaches to food security and adaptation to climate change must be mutually supporting; they must have the common objective of empowering socially and economically excluded groups to reduce their vulnerability and increase their resilience. Climate change is leading to significant increases in the price of food; therefore, because the poor in the global South devote up to 80 per cent of their budget to food, the economically disadvantaged are much more vulnerable in this regard than those in the developed world. Public and private investments that improve options for the poor, such as improved agricultural production technologies, better-adapted financial instruments, diversified income opportunities, broader economic adjustments, the creation of specialized markets for the poor, __________________ 67 68 69 15-10041 Christiane Badgely, “When Wall Street went to Africa”, Foreign Policy (11 July 2014). Miguel A. Altieri and Victor Manuel Toledo, “The agroecological revolution in Latin America: rescuing nature, ensuring food sovereignty and empowering peasants”, Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 38, No. 3 (July 2011). Caesens and Padilla Rodríguez, Climate Change and the Right to Food, chap. VI, note 51. 19/25