United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice A/RES/69/194 (iii) Mechanisms for the appropriate coordination of preventive measures between governmental and non-governmental agencies; (iv) Evidence-based policies and programmes that are continually monitored and carefully evaluated in the course of implementation; (v) Parental capacity-building and family support as the primary preventive measures, while strengthening child protection in school and in the community; (vi) Methods for effectively identifying, mitigating and reducing the risk of violence against children; (vii) Public awareness-raising and community involvement in prevention policies and programmes; (viii) Close interdisciplinary cooperation, with the involvement of all relevant agencies, civil society groups, local and religious leaders and, where relevant, other stakeholders; (ix) Participation of children and families in policies and programmes for the prevention of criminal activities and victimization; (d) To identify the specific vulnerabilities and risks faced by children in different situations and to adopt proactive measures to reduce those risks; (e) To take appropriate actions to support and protect all children, in particular children in different situations of vulnerability and children in need of special protection; (f) To be guided by the Guidelines for the Prevention of Crime23 and play a leading role in developing effective crime prevention strategies and in creating and maintaining institutional frameworks for their implementation and review. 14. The risk of violence against children committed by children should be addressed by specific prevention measures, including measures: (a) To prevent physical, psychological and sexual violence exerted, often through bullying, by children against other children; (b) To prevent the violence sometimes exerted by groups of children, including violence by youth gangs; (c) gangs; To prevent the recruitment, use and victimization of children by youth (d) To identify and protect children, in particular girls, who are linked to gang members and who are vulnerable to sexual exploitation; (e) To encourage law enforcement agencies to use multi-agency intelligence to proactively profile local risk and, accordingly, to direct enforcement and disruption activity. 15. The risk of violence associated with trafficking in children and various forms of exploitation by criminal groups should be addressed by specific prevention measures, including measures: (a) To prevent the recruitment, use and victimization of children by criminal groups, terrorist entities or violent extremist groups; _______________ 23 10/29 Economic and Social Council resolution 2002/13, annex.