A/HRC/41/33 discrimination in the family and in education that springs from or embodies the different stereotypes, which subsequently contributes to limiting their potential to exercise their capabilities and pursue the career and life choices available to them. 57. The constraints on women’s choices and opportunities are a product of structural inequalities and discriminatory policies and institutions that fail to tackle adequately the injustices produced through globalized macroeconomic and political factors, including the privatization of public goods and the shrinking of the welfare state. Those factors further reinforce, and are perpetuated by, localized and particular discriminatory cultural and social norms that also engender different systems of oppression for different groups of women. 58. Discrimination, stereotyping, unpaid care work and lack of education limit the jobs that women can do, pushing them towards low-skilled positions and the informal job sector with exploitative workplace conditions. The overwhelming majority of women’s jobs are in the informal sector and therefore lack basic entitlements and protections. Thus, women’s employment may in some cases constitute a form of deprivation of liberty. That may be the case when women who work in industry or in agriculture are provided with housing under restrictive circumstances or subject to forced or bonded labour (see A/73/139 and Corr. 1). Likewise, there are home-based productions for global supply chains where the “employer” may in fact be a husband or other male relative who demands a certain amount of production in exploitative conditions amounting to deprivation of liberty. Such working conditions are also of particular concern for domestic workers, the majority of whom are women, who may find themselves unable to leave their place of employment. 59. Migrant women face particular risks, being largely pushed into unskilled, undervalued and lower-paid labour sectors in unregulated spaces, such as private homes. Women migrant domestic workers may be deprived of support networks and services and may face confiscation of their passports by their employers. Immigration laws that require working for a specific employer, such as the kafalah system in some countries in the Middle East, have been grounds of abuse and have incurred criminal penalties.34 Owing to limited pathways for regular migration opportunities for women, irregular status becomes a contributing factor to deprivation of liberty of migrant women. Restrictions related to “protective” stereotypes that aim to prevent women from legally migrating, on the grounds that they may become victims of trafficking or forced prostitution, push women to seek alternative (irregular) migration channels and consequently increase their vulnerability to forced or bonded labour, confinement and other human rights violations. 60. Lack of choice and opportunities push women into the realm of human trafficking, contemporary forms of slavery and exploitative surrogacy arrangements that may result in varied forms of confinement, exploitation and violence. In certain countries women are kept in camps or so called “baby factories” for surrogacy purposes or forced impregnation, while in many more countries women are smuggled into brothels that they are not at liberty to leave. 61. Reduced job opportunities, coupled with a lack of social protection, may be a factor in women’s criminalization and eventual imprisonment. Several stakeholders pointed to the lack of decent work opportunities as one of the major reasons for women’s involvement in drug trafficking, certain forms of prostitution/sex work and other irregular businesses, resulting in them coming into conflict with the criminal justice system. Women who are incarcerated for their involvement in illicit economic ventures identify such activities as being the only opportunities available to them to provide for their families, given their financial constraints and family responsibilities. In several States, transgender women disproportionately engage in prostitution/sex work, owing to the limited opportunities available to them because of discrimination, and face criminalization or other types of restriction of liberty as a result of such activities. 62. Deeply embedded systemic racism leads to racial minority women being subjected to socioeconomic exclusion and poverty (see A/HRC/35/10), with a heightened risk of incarceration, including, inter alia, for increased involvement in drug trafficking, mostly at 34 14 See, for example, A/HRC/26/35/Add.1, A/HRC/35/29/Add.2 and A/HRC/39/52.