A/HRC/56/51 (e) Rural women and girls 47. The Working Group has highlighted that women face discrimination in the allocation of rights to productive land, making up fewer than 15 per cent of owners of agricultural land globally. Laws, policies, social norms and stereotypes may also restrict their rights to seeds and other natural resources, agricultural inputs and labour. 68 Land-grabbing and the operations of extractive industries in the territories of Indigenous Peoples and other communities are experienced by women and girls as a crisis, threatening their very survival.69 48. In addition, rural women and girls face specific challenges in fully enjoying their sexual and reproductive health rights. Contraceptive access is low, and maternal mortality and morbidities, such as obstetric fistula and uterine prolapse, are high among them. There is also a higher incidence of stillbirths. Barriers commonly faced by rural women and girls include long distances from health centres, cost, lack of trained providers, long waiting times, lack of information and confidentiality and the constraints of a heavy workload. 70 (f) Women and girls in poverty 49. The Working Group has emphasized that women and girls living in poverty experience stigma and intersecting discrimination. In many jurisdictions, the criminal law is disproportionately applied to them because of their economic or social status. The security of land tenure or housing and the accessibility of legal and justice systems are also severely limited for women and girls living in poverty, who frequently have no effective means to assert their rights to be free from violence, to contest or to receive compensation for illegal or unfair evictions, displacement due to development projects, land-grabbing and environmental destruction, or to access or claim adequate housing, decent working conditions or social security entitlements.71 (g) Migrant, asylum-seeking, refugee and internally displaced women and girls 50. Reception structures and arrangements often lack the capacity to respond to the needs of migrant, refugee and internally displaced women and girls, who frequently arrive carrying the traumas of violence, persecution, conflict and poverty. Many women and girls live in camps under a persistent threat of violence, including from intimate partners, while sexual and reproductive health is typically deemed a taboo topic. Moreover, their specific needs, including routine menstrual hygiene and pain management, are often not taken into account in relief programmes.72 Gender stereotypes in immigration administration result in a lack of consideration of women’s experiences of violence, in particular domestic violence, for the purpose of granting asylum. Moreover, certain legal systems require that asylum claims be submitted through a male head of household rather than allowing women to submit an individual asylum claim.73 51. The Working Group has highlighted the persistence of situations akin to slavery or indentured servitude among local and migrant domestic workers. 74 Conversely, restrictions that aim to prevent women from legally migrating, on the grounds that they may become victims of trafficking or forced prostitution, push women to seek alternative (irregular) migration channels and consequently increase their vulnerability to forced or bonded labour, confinement and other human rights violations.75 (h) LBTQI+ women and girls 52. Sexual and gender-nonconforming women are disproportionately targeted for social control based on their perceived challenge to or “transgression” of established norms of 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 12 A/HRC/53/39, para. 35. A/HRC/47/38, para. 58. Ibid., para. 57. A/HRC/53/39, paras. 31–33. A/HRC/47/38, paras. 60 and 62. A/HRC/41/33, para. 26. A/HRC/53/39, para. 39. A/HRC/41/33, para. 59. GE.24-07559