A/HRC/RES/58/16 Acknowledging that the global nature of climate change requires the broadest possible cooperation among all countries and their participation in an effective and equitable international response, in line with the principles outlined in article 3 of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and recalling article 2.2 of the Paris Agreement, which are essential for addressing climate change and environmental issues in a fair and just manner, in accordance with national circumstances, Noting with satisfaction that States have recognized that the ocean, seas and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earth’s ecosystem and are critical to ensure its sustainability, and that international law, as reflected in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its implementing agreements, provides the legal framework for the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources, and stressed the importance of the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and the seas and of their resources for sustainable development, including through their contributions to poverty eradication, sustained economic growth, food security and the creation of sustainable livelihoods and decent work, while at the same time protecting biodiversity and the marine environment and addressing the impacts of climate change, Reaffirming that the protection and preservation of the ocean are crucial for the full enjoyment of human rights for all, as are the understanding of the importance of the ocean in matters of addressing pollution, mitigating climate change, strengthening biodiversity and ecosystems, and ensuring sustainable food security and renewable energy, Acknowledging the needs of the most vulnerable populations to natural disasters, such as those living in coastal States and small island developing States, as underscored at the Fourth International Conference on Small Island Developing States, held in Antigua and Barbuda from 27 to 30 May 2024, and the urgency of a human rights-based approach for ocean governance in addressing climate change, Reaffirming that the promotion of the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment requires the full implementation of multilateral environmental agreements under the principles of international environmental law, Recalling the outcomes of the sixth session of the United Nations Environment Assembly, held in Nairobi from 26 February to 1 March 2024, and the need to act decisively and urgently to improve the health, productivity, sustainable use and resilience of the ocean and its ecosystems, and affirming the need to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of the ocean and its resources, Welcoming the outcomes of the twenty-ninth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the sixth Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, both held in Baku, from 11 to 22 November 2024, the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, held in Cali, Colombia, from 21 October to 1 November 2024, and the resumed session held in Rome from 25 to 27 February 2025, and its respective references to the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment, Recalling all previous reports of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment,2 Welcoming the latest report of the Special Rapporteur on the human right to a clean, healthy and sustainable environment,3 in which the mandate holder recognized the links between the ocean and human rights, the importance of the ocean in regulating the Earth’s climate, supporting biodiversity, keeping essential ecosystems alive, ensuring sustainable food security and the need to advance adaptive, inclusive, science-driven and ecosystembased management measures to reduce the vulnerability of the ocean to the harm caused by climate change, pollution, biodiversity loss and land degradation, Recognizing that environmental degradation and loss of biodiversity often result from and reinforce existing patterns of discrimination, and that environmental harm can have 2 A/73/188, A/74/161, A/75/161, A/76/179, A/77/284, A/HRC/22/43 A/HRC/25/53, A/HRC/28/61, A/HRC/31/52, A/HRC/31/53, A/HRC/34/49, A/HRC/37/58, A/HRC/37/59, A/HRC/40/55, A/HRC/43/53, A/HRC/43/54, A/HRC/46/28, A/HRC/49/53, A/HRC/52/33 and A/HRC/52/44. 3 A/HRC/58/59. 3