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Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Speaking to the criticism that voluntary initiatives have received on their lack of impact in terms of transforming current business models, representatives of multi-stakeholder initiatives shared promising examples of efforts carried out by some initiatives in sector transformation that illustrate the positive impact that voluntary standards can have in enhancing higher standards in national-level policies and legislation. As voluntary standards alone are not sufficient to achieve sector transformation into a new sustainable business model, innovative approaches seek to combine the efforts of the public sector and those of voluntary initiatives. Collaboration across stakeholder groups, from businesses to civil society and regulators, was acknowledged as a precondition for such transformation, as were partnerships with governments, international organizations and the broader United Nations system.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In 2012, an executive order aimed at strengthening protections against trafficking in persons in federal contracts was signed in the United States. The new amendments to the Federal Acquisition Regulation include further due diligence measures in respect of contractors and address key risk indicators, such as the use of unethical recruitment practices, in particular by prohibiting contractors from charging recruitment fees to workers and from denying employees access to their personal documents.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Auditing, as a way to evaluate the compliance of companies with labour standards, has also been criticized for its lack of capacity to assess the performance of companies in the long term. An audit, even the most comprehensive, i.e., when it includes worker interviews and is supplemented with information from alternative sources, such as local actors, including representatives of civil society and local trade unions, is still a snapshot offering only a partial view of day-to-day working conditions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61f
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Companies that use audits to measure supply-chain compliance are encouraged to review assessment protocols to support improvements in audit quality and create conditions to enable auditors to better identify risks of trafficking;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 62d
- Paragraph text
- [Given the potential that multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions may have to cascade corporate policies on eliminating trafficking in persons across sectors, and the role the Special Rapporteur can play in providing a powerful and neutral platform, the mandate holder will continue to explore further engagement with such initiatives, specifically to:] Analyse the impact that non-financial disclosure regulations have on company policies on trafficking in persons.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Notable examples of this are the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act of 2010 in the United States, which came into effect in January 2012, and the Modern Slavery Act of 2015 in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Under the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act, retail sellers and manufacturers with over $100 million in annual worldwide gross receipts who do business in the state, regardless of whether or not they are headquartered in California, are required to disclose their efforts to eradicate slavery and human trafficking from their direct supply chains for tangible goods offered for sale. In accordance with the Act, companies concerned must report on their efforts in five different areas: verification, auditing, certification, internal accountability and training.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, given the impact that the results of an audit evaluation may have on the business relationships with suppliers, the practices of presenting model factories prepared specifically for audits and model workers coached to respond to auditors have proliferated in the past few years. These practices aggravate yet another challenge of current audit-based monitoring systems, which is the concentration of company resources in monitoring the first tier of their supply chains. It is widely acknowledged that most of the human rights violations and the worst labour abuses occur beyond the first tier of suppliers. However, few companies have extended their due diligence efforts throughout the entire value chain or to include their labour supply chains.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In 2016, together with Verité, an international non-governmental organization, the Special Rapporteur, thanks to earmarked contributions received for this purpose, launched a new project building on the previous work carried out under the mandate on addressing the risks of trafficking in persons in global supply chains. The goal of the project is to reduce the vulnerability that workers face in supply chains and tackle the risks of trafficking in persons by strengthening multi-stakeholder and industry-based strategies, and to promote the catalysing effect of multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to enhance efforts made by businesses to improve their policies and measures to address trafficking in persons and other types of labour violations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur deemed it essential to engage with multi-stakeholder initiatives, industry coalitions and representatives of the auditing industry in order to discuss how they address challenges and criticisms, and, through constructive dialogue, to identify areas on which further efforts should be focused. In particular, the consultations and subsequent follow-up activities provided opportunities to enhance learning about the risks of human trafficking in supply chains, consider the strengths and weaknesses of strategies to detect and remedy trafficking in persons, identify challenges and share good practices in auditing and assessments, explore current trends in the professionalization of the auditing industry, and explore synergies between participating organizations, the Special Rapporteur, governments and civil society.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- The first of the two consultations targeted participants in multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions; the second was aimed at representatives from companies that perform social audits and other types of supply chain assessments.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Both Acts, while considered legislative breakthroughs in developing business accountability for non-financial obligations, are nonetheless not exempt from criticism. The Modern Slavery Act has been criticized for allowing United Kingdom-based companies to hide their supply chains as long as the goods they produce do not enter the United Kingdom, and the California Transparency in Supply Chains Act is considered insufficient, as it requires companies only to report their efforts with no regard for the quality of the effectiveness of the measures taken to eliminate trafficking in persons from their supply chains. In 2015, the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of slavery, including its causes and consequences presented a report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/30/35) in which those two domestic efforts were further analysed.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Feedback generated from consultations held with multi-stakeholder initiatives and private sector representatives indicated that while this type of legislation represents a good starting point for most companies and facilitates the mainstreaming of transparency efforts in smaller companies, more transparency is needed. In addition, private sector stakeholders consulted agreed on the need for stronger normative frameworks at the State level that would establish, based on international standards, clear expectations for businesses regarding their obligations to respect workers’ rights and to protect workers from labour abuses. Stronger normative frameworks would not only help businesses to ensure that their suppliers are bound to the same level of commitment regarding the elimination of trafficking in persons and respect for workers’ rights, but would also help to guarantee an even playing field for those who conduct their operations in accordance with those standards.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- At the same time, representatives from the auditing community raised concerns about their limited role in addressing audit findings and the implementation of their recommendations. Moreover, many of the issues that constitute the root causes of common labour abuses identified at the supply chain level, such as those related to unethical recruitment practices and compulsory overtime, are strongly connected to the behaviour and business decisions of client companies. Some representatives of the auditing community also noted the difficulties faced in bringing such concerns to the attention of client companies, given the race-to-the-bottom practice encouraged by some in the audit industry who agree to perform audits under unrealistic conditions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 62b
- Paragraph text
- [Given the potential that multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions may have to cascade corporate policies on eliminating trafficking in persons across sectors, and the role the Special Rapporteur can play in providing a powerful and neutral platform, the mandate holder will continue to explore further engagement with such initiatives, specifically to:] Enhance workers’ voices within the standard-setting process, and in monitoring mechanisms, through the identification of good practices in workers’ participation in monitoring schemes and the development of capacity-building programmes;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- In 2016, the mandate holder conducted a mapping of multi-stakeholder and industry-based initiatives active in different industries, including fishing, aluminium, electronics, coffee and tea. The mapping was a first step towards engagement with these initiatives through bilateral dialogue and two consultations. The objective was to identify and understand challenges, lessons learned and good practices in detecting and addressing trafficking in persons and labour exploitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Other proposed strategies to strengthen audits, improve measures to detect and provide remedy in trafficking cases, and better implement complementary efforts alongside assessments included increasing community and stakeholder engagement, improving auditor training, strengthening initiatives to share data and information, and using new technologies to enhance information gathering, for example through information technology platforms, hotlines or other such mechanisms.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61b
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Standard-setting, multi-stakeholder and certification initiatives should be encouraged to engage a broad cross section of stakeholders, including auditors, in the design and establishment of new standards systems;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Companies have also addressed sustainability concerns through industry-led initiatives. These are industry associations or coalitions that bring together companies around a voluntary code of conduct or standard and a compliance programme on sustainability issues, including human rights and labour standards. While the modus operandi is similar to that of multi-stakeholder initiatives, there may be differences in the organization of the governance structures, with businesses, including suppliers, playing a stronger role.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- Representatives from the auditing community agreed to propose a red-flag approach, which would enable auditors to investigate beyond the audit scope when predefined key indicators of labour exploitation were identified. Along those lines, a mapping of the supply chain could be instrumental in identifying risk practices beyond first-tier suppliers. Such an exercise would help client companies prioritize audits on the basis of the presence of risk indicators in subcontracting practices or high-risk geographical areas and economic sectors.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61e
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Efforts to share audit information should be encouraged to allow companies to optimize resources and focus on addressing critical issues and performing audits beyond first-tier suppliers;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 62c
- Paragraph text
- [Given the potential that multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions may have to cascade corporate policies on eliminating trafficking in persons across sectors, and the role the Special Rapporteur can play in providing a powerful and neutral platform, the mandate holder will continue to explore further engagement with such initiatives, specifically to:] Identify good practices, and draft guidance and recommendations, for the establishment of corporate grievance mechanisms and remediation that address the needs of workers effectively;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Participants in the consultations also discussed the professionalization of social auditing, current trends and developments in the industry and industry efforts to enhance auditor capacity and performance. They examined good practices in the area of assessment, partnerships with civil society and lessons learned in complementing audits with other strategies to enhance supply chain accountability. Members of the Association of Professional Social Compliance Auditors, recently established to enhance the professionalism of individual auditors and organizations performing independent social compliance audits, have been discussing the scope of social compliance audits, the competencies required of an auditor and the requirement for an audit firm to ensure their auditors are able to perform audits and act with integrity and independence at all times.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 62a
- Paragraph text
- [Given the potential that multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions may have to cascade corporate policies on eliminating trafficking in persons across sectors, and the role the Special Rapporteur can play in providing a powerful and neutral platform, the mandate holder will continue to explore further engagement with such initiatives, specifically to:] Reinforce voluntary standards on trafficking in persons and identify good practices in that area, by providing feedback and expert advice in standard revision processes and by co-developing capacity-building activities for the initiatives and their stakeholders;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Each consultation began with a framing of current trends in supply chains and strategies to tackle risks of human trafficking. This included a focus on the inherent complexity of supply chain production and the challenges related to enhancing visibility and accountability beyond first-tier manufacturers and producers. The subcontracting and outsourcing of diverse stages of production makes it increasingly difficult for companies to monitor and address working conditions and human rights in a systematic and comprehensive way. Industry and multi-stakeholder initiatives face the same challenges, with important consequences for the validity of their sustainability and rights-based claims. Moreover, supply chains are not only increasingly complex along product chains, but also highly stratified in terms of labour supply. Third-party recruitment and employment agencies are a growing feature of supply chain production, which has important consequences for voluntary initiatives.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61d
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Efforts to improve the quality of audit assessments and build the capacity of auditors to detect trafficking in persons and forced labour should be supported;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61j
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Dialogue with governments should be facilitated to incorporate good practices from voluntary standards into national legislation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Corporate codes of conduct and the voluntary standards set by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions typically include a reference to trafficking in persons or forced labour. The trafficking in persons, or forced labour, standard is normally based on international human rights instruments and labour standards. However, the reference is often limited to a mere prohibition of the use of forced labour or trafficking in persons and is not further developed into specific indicators to help identify risk practices and define what forced labour or trafficking in persons may look like in practice.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The two consultations revealed that multi-stakeholder initiatives, industry coalitions and the auditing community were greatly interested in collaborating with the Special Rapporteur, recognizing the instrumental role that the Special Rapporteur can play in creating a space for open and ongoing dialogue and exchanges on lessons learned and good practices. As no other platform having the same level of credibility and independence as that of the Special Rapporteur exists, representatives of multi-stakeholder initiatives and auditing companies welcomed and encouraged the continuation of the initiatives led by the mandate holder with a view to identifying good practices that can be replicated in other contexts and exploring innovative responses to common challenges.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- With regard to sector transformation, industry, multi-stakeholder and certification initiatives hold internal discussions on how to move beyond the engagement of a single company or the “silo” of a single supply chain towards sector-wide or market transformation to ensure that sustainability standards, including respect for human rights, are the norm in business. However, the role of such initiatives in sector transformation and their impact on national legal frameworks to promote labour and human rights has been challenged.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 61c
- Paragraph text
- [Participants identified several other actions and interventions, listed below, which have also helped the Special Rapporteur define areas for further engagement and work under the mandate in strengthening the strategies implemented by multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions to detect and tackle trafficking in persons:] Existing initiatives should be coordinated and collaboration with governments and civil society should be facilitated, especially regarding grievance mechanisms and provisions for remedies;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe