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Forced evictions 1997, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Some institutions, such as the World Bank and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) have adopted guidelines on relocation and/or resettlement with a view to limiting the scale of and human suffering associated with forced evictions. Such practices often accompany large scale development projects, such as dam building and other major energy projects. Full respect for such guidelines, insofar as they reflect the obligations contained in the Covenant, is essential on the part of both the agencies themselves and States parties to the Covenant. The Committee recalls in this respect the statement in the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action to the effect that "while development facilitates the enjoyment of all human rights, the lack of development may not be invoked to justify the abridgement of internationally recognized human rights" (Part I, para. 10).
- Organe
- Committee on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights
- Type de document
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Année
- 1997
Paragraphe
Racial discrimination against people of African descent 2011, para. 4a
- Paragraph text
- [Formulates the following recommendations addressed to States parties:] [People of African descent live in many countries of the world, either dispersed among the local population or in communities, where they are entitled to exercise, without discrimination, individually or in community with other members of their group, as appropriate, the following specific rights:] The right to property and to the use, conservation and protection of lands traditionally occupied by them and to natural resources in cases where their ways of life and culture are linked to their utilization of lands and resources;
- Organe
- Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
- Type de document
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Agroecology improves resilience to climate change. Climate change means more extreme weather-related events. The use of agroecological techniques can significantly cushion the negative impacts of such events, for resilience is strengthened by the use and promotion of agricultural biodiversity at ecosystem, farm system and farmer field levels, which is materialized by many agroecological approaches. Following Hurricane Mitch in 1998, a large-scale study on 180 communities of smallholders from southern to northern Nicaragua demonstrated that farming plots cropped with simple agroecological methods (including rock bunds or dikes, green manure, crop rotation and the incorporation of stubble, ditches, terraces, barriers, mulch, legumes, trees, plowing parallel to the slope, no-burn, live fences, and zero-tillage) had on average 40 per cent more topsoil, higher field moisture, less erosion and lower economic losses than control plots on conventional farms. On average, agroecological plots lost 18 per cent less arable land to landslides than conventional plots and had 69 per cent less gully erosion compared to conventional farms.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Neonicotinoids are accused of being responsible for “colony collapse disorder” of bees worldwide. For example, heavy use of these insecticides has been blamed for the 50 per cent decline over 25 years in honeybee populations in both the United States and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. This decline threatens the very basis of agriculture, given that wild bees and managed honeybees play the greatest role in pollinating crops. According to estimates from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), of some 100 crop species (which provide 90 per cent of global food), 71 per cent are pollinated by bees. The European Union, unlike the United States, restricted the use of certain neonicotinoids in 2013.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
The rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the context of natural resource exploitation projects 2015, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- In countries experiencing social conflict over natural resource exploitation, individuals who exercise their right to freedom of peaceful assembly are frequently framed as "inciting" communities to resist and disrupt "development projects". Peaceful assembly and association rights are not seen as a legitimate vehicle to express concerns, but as deliberate attempts to undermine the State's efforts to promote economic growth and development. Those who oppose natural resource exploitation activities are labelled as "anti-development" or "enemies of the State". Attacks are also used as an intimidation tactic to force communities to accept exploitation projects.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Environment
- Année
- 2015
Paragraphe
Ensuring the inclusion of minority issues in post- 2015 development agendas 2014, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Addressing inequality is an overarching goal that, if it is achieved, will inevitably bring with it benefits for disadvantaged minority groups across a wide range of other areas that the post-2015 development agenda consultations are addressing. The rationale behind such an inequalities-based approach is strong, however it must be driven at a global and donor level to overcome barriers of discrimination, power-dynamics, and lack of political will that are often evident at the national level. In the Synthesis Report of the Global Thematic Public Consultation on the Post-2015 Development Agenda focusing on inequalities, it is stated that "there is considerable evidence that inequalities in one structural domain increase the likelihood of inequalities in others. In the event of opportunity for improvements in one domain, the chances of progress are often undermined or rendered inaccessible by simultaneous intersecting disadvantage in another. These intersecting and mutually reinforcing inequalities are often rooted in historical relationships, and continue to be reproduced through discrimination in social, economic, environmental and political domains."
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2014
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- While regulators are mostly concerned about health risks through pesticide residues, their effects on non-target organisms are hugely underestimated. For example, neonicotinoids, a commonly used class of systemic insecticides, are causing soil degradation and water pollution and endangering vital ecosystem services such as biological pest control. Designed to damage the central nervous system of target pests, they can also cause harm to beneficial invertebrates as well as to birds, butterflies and other wildlife.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Large-scale development project and human rights defenders 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- For the purposes of the present report, the term "large-scale development projects" refers to the acquisition, lease or transfer of land or natural resources for commercial investment purposes. The Special Rapporteur does not identify a specific threshold for what should constitute "large-scale" but considers the impact of a project on its surroundings, specifically with regard to the human rights of affected communities and those defending the rights of those communities, to be a key factor.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- In Argentina, a court considered the situation of impoverished neighbourhoods in Córdoba, where wells had been contaminated with faecal and other matter from a water treatment plant overflowing with untreated sewage. The court ordered the municipality to take urgent measures to address the situation, including providing 200 litres of safe water per household per day until a permanent solution was found. With regard to the licensing of projects such as mining, the Special Rapporteur has received numerous communications alleging water contamination.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2014
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- The most recent large-scale study points to the same conclusions. Research commissioned by the Foresight Global Food and Farming Futures project of the UK Government reviewed 40 projects in 20 African countries where sustainable intensification was developed during the 2000s. The projects included crop improvements (particularly improvements through participatory plant breeding on hitherto neglected orphan crops), integrated pest management, soil conservation and agro-forestry. By early 2010, these projects had documented benefits for 10.39 million farmers and their families and improvements on approximately 12.75 million hectares. Crop yields more than doubled on average (increasing 2.13-fold) over a period of 3-10 years, resulting in an increase in aggregate food production of 5.79 million tonnes per year, equivalent to 557 kg per farming household.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Individual transferable quotas systems may lead to rent capture by some actors in a privileged position, which is difficult to reconcile with poverty-reduction objectives. An alternative might be to allow operators to rent quotas from the Government so that quotas are periodically redistributed on equity grounds. Transferability of quotas (conceived as property rights) will inevitably lead to monopolization, unless limited to transferability between the deceased holder and his/her descendants (if they also fish). Indeed, the Human Rights Committee noted that a system in which the quotas originally held could be sold or leased at market prices instead of reverting to the State for allocation to new quota holders in accordance with fair and equitable criteria might result in discrimination in violation of article 26 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (see CCPR/C/91/D/1306/2004). Other systems can be explored that combine sustainability requirements (limiting overfishing) and redistributive aims based on human rights norms and standards.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- During the 1970s, the pesticide DCBP was used extensively on banana and pineapple plantations around the world. In Davao, the Philippines, where the pesticide was used in the 1980s, high levels of sterility were scientifically proven to have resulted from exposure. Other conditions, including cancer, asthma, tuberculosis and skin disease, were also detected, but a linkage was not scientifically proven. While local authorities banned aerial spraying following community protests, the Supreme Court of the Philippines reversed the ban, allegedly under pressure from banana corporations. Further, suits brought by plantation workers have been dismissed, leaving victims without compensation. Twenty years on, despite a global ban on DBCP, soils and water sources remain contaminated.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Comparative study of enabling environments for associations and businesses 2015, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- Similarly many States afford more protection to corporations engaged in natural resource exploitation than to groups peacefully protesting their activities. The shooting to death of over 30 miners in South Africa by police during a workers' strike is an egregious example of such preferential treatment. Individuals and communities opposed to natural resource exploitation activities are labelled as "anti-development" and "enemies of the State" and portrayed as undermining States' efforts to promote economic growth and development. Their activities are criminalized and their claims disregarded, while corporations continue exploitation activities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Année
- 2015
Paragraphe
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- To respond appropriately to the situations of climate-change-induced migration, engagement is necessary at all levels of governance. Moreover, policy responses to the multiple impacts of climate change need to be developed simultaneously. Short-term response might be largely humanitarian, in the context of both sudden, climate-related disasters and that of slower impacts, such as food and water insecurity and access to other basic rights. However, such approaches need to be supplemented by medium- and long-term responses. Medium-term responses should focus on adaptation at the community and country levels, building resilience in populations at risk from environmental deterioration and the efficient use of technologies to better depend on the natural changing of the environment. Policy development and programming also need to be factored in. Long-term policies require international engagement in the limitation of greenhouse gas emissions in order to limit the pace of global warming.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- As the magnitude of the disaster became known, key international officials carefully avoided acknowledging that the outbreak had resulted from discharges from the MINUSTAH camp. The implication that cholera had come from elsewhere also drew support from an environmental theory suggested by some scientific observers according to which the cholera microbe is naturally present in many backwater settings and can be activated by environmental shocks such as the earthquake that hit Haiti in January 2010 or by unusually heavy rains. Nevertheless, most scientific and media sources rejected this theory and placed the blame clearly upon the peacekeepers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Health
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Impact of climate change on the right to food 2015, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Locally developed crops have been shown to be extremely adaptable and robust because they have been bred over generations specifically to cope with difficult ecological and social conditions. For example, "farmer rice varieties" are often more productive than imported varieties of rice and can grow with less input than modern varieties and require less maintenance. Furthermore, research has shown that farms run on agroecological principles can be more resilient in response to natural disasters such as hurricanes. Farms in Nicaragua, Honduras and Guatemala that relied on sustainable agricultural methods suffered considerably less damage than conventional farms following Hurricane Mitch in 1998, with sustainable farms retaining up to 40 per cent more topsoil and suffering less economic loss than neighbouring conventional farms. Similar studies conducted in Mexico following Hurricane Stan and in Cuba following Hurricane Ike had similar findings. Agroecological farms were also able to recover faster after the hurricane.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Année
- 2015
Paragraphe
Homelessness as a global human rights crisis that demands an urgent global response 2016, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Such laws are often framed under the guise of public health and safety but, in reality, the aim is to "beautify" an area for the promotion of tourism and business or to increase property values. Examples are countless: in Zimbabwe, an operation to "sweep out the rubbish" through demolitions of shanty towns in 2005 left up to 1.5 million people homeless in the middle of the winter. In June 2014, the Mayor of Honolulu introduced new measures to crack down on homelessness because tourists want to see "their paradise, not homeless people sleeping". In Medellín, Colombia, during the World Urban Forum, the homeless population was transported outside of the city. In Australia, "move on" laws permit authorities to "disperse" homeless people "where a person's mere presence could cause anxiety to another person or interfere with another's 'reasonable enjoyment' of the space".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes with satisfaction the ongoing negotiations in Latin America and the Caribbean on the application of principle 10 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, and urges the parties to expedite the conclusion of the agreement in the light of the urgency of the situation, described in the following section. He urges the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) and the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) to develop similar legally binding instruments on access to information, public participation and justice in environmental matters, including measures to protect environmental human rights defenders. Such multilateral instruments would be an effective tool to achieve sustainable development goals and respond to many challenges facing our planet, from climate change, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution to poverty eradication. They would also ensure that both States and corporations are held accountable for any violations against environmental human rights defenders and establish effective safeguards to ensure that community interests are fully considered in environmental decisions.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also includes disasters in her report, whether natural or man-made (see section H below). Defined as calamitous events that seriously disrupt the functioning of a community or society, disasters cause human, material and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or society's ability to cope using its own resources. These can be a result of spontaneous natural hazards, such as hurricanes, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and wildfires, or be a result of more frequent slow-onset and mega disasters such as recurring droughts or floods. Disasters can result in the devastation of communities, loss of lives, leading to displacement, or migration, and can also lead to more complex emergencies such as loss of livelihoods, famine, housing crises and medical pandemics, which can also lead to mass displacement.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
The UN responsibility for the cholera outbreak in Haiti 2016, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In order to resolve the controversy, the Secretary-General, to his credit, established the panel of independent experts in January 2011. In its report, issued in May 2011, the panel expressly rejected the environmental theory. Instead, it found that "the evidence overwhelmingly supports the conclusion that the source of the Haiti cholera outbreak was due to contamination of the Mèyé Tributary of the Artibonite River with a pathogenic strain of current South Asian type Vibrio cholerae as a result of human activity". If the experts had left it at that, the conclusion would have been that MINUSTAH peacekeepers were responsible for the outbreak. But they went on to claim that the dumping of faeces alone "could not have been the source of such an outbreak without simultaneous water and sanitation and health care system deficiencies … coupled with conducive environmental and epidemiological conditions". By adding this observation, the experts suggested that nature, as well as the country's underdevelopment, were also to blame. This enabled them to reach their ultimate conclusion, that the "outbreak was caused by the confluence of circumstances … and was not the fault of, or deliberate action of, a group or individual".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Fisheries and the right to food 2012, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Many fish are also rich in micronutrients, especially the smaller fish that are accessible to people living in poverty. The consumption of fish therefore not only helps to combat hunger, but also can address hidden hunger, or micronutrient deficiency. In addition, the seasonal availability of fish in rural communities is often different from crops, meaning that fish can help to reduce seasonal vulnerability.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes commitments by business enterprises to respect human rights and protect the environment, often expressed in public statements and policies, as well as through the adoption of voluntary guidelines and codes of conduct. The Equator Principles, for example, set out a framework which financial institutions can use to assess and manage the social and environmental risks and impacts of projects, as well as to meet minimum standards for due diligence.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Effects of pesticides on the right to food 2017, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Industry has also sought to dissuade Governments from restricting pesticide use to save pollinators. In Europe, a campaign was mounted preceding the decision by the European Union in 2013 to ban neonicotinoids. The chemical industry, allegedly with support from the Government of the United Kingdom, publicly contested findings of the European Food Safety Authority about the unacceptable risk of neonicotinoids to bees. Syngenta reportedly even threatened to sue individual European Union officials involved in publishing the Authority’s report. Bayer and Syngenta are still refusing to disclose their own studies that demonstrated the harmful effects of their pesticides on honeybees at high doses.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Année
- 2017
Paragraphe
Best practices that promote and protect the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2012, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur further concurs with the assessment of the ODIHR Panel of Experts that "the free flow of traffic should not automatically take precedence over freedom of peaceful assembly". In this regard, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has indicated that "the competent institutions of the State have a duty to design operating plans and procedures that will facilitate the exercise of the right of assembly ... [including] rerouting pedestrian and vehicular traffic in a certain area". Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur points to a decision of the Spanish Constitutional Court which stated that "in a democratic society, the urban space is not only an area for circulation, but also for participation".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Post conflict and post disaster reconstruction and the right to adequate housing 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Similar lessons can be learnt from post-disaster situations. Disasters occur in a social context framed by complex issues of power, politics and longstanding vulnerability and poverty, including widespread tenure insecurity. Understanding this complexity is fundamental to developing and implementing successful responses. This is illustrated in the case of Hurricane Mitch in Honduras in October 1998. According to official estimates Hurricane Mitch left 21 cities severely damaged, 82,735 houses damaged, 66,188 houses destroyed and 44,150 people homeless. In addition 123 health centres and 531 roads were damaged and eight health centres and 189 bridges were destroyed. As a result, an estimated 1.5 million people were negatively affected.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Environmental human rights defenders 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Corruption is often a consequence of the lack of transparency in such projects. This is exemplified by environmental impact assessments that were not performed with the participation of the affected communities, were unavailable to them or were inaccessible owing to the complexity of the documentation or its language. Yet, Governments use transparency as a pretext to harass organizations opposing large-scale projects. Moreover, the complexity of the structures and processes of many large-scale development projects also makes it difficult to clearly identify the multiplicity of stakeholders (banks, anonymous companies, international investors, local suppliers, funding institutions, etc.) and the chain of responsibility for ensuring accountability for certain violations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- In the case of Sardinal, the Costa Rican Supreme Court ordered the authorities to assess whether a permit should be granted to build a pipeline that would withdraw water from an aquifer, in order to make sure that the pipeline would not deprive the local population of water for personal and domestic use. Without certainty that there would be sufficient water, the pipeline would violate the residents' rights, including that to a healthy environment. A French court held a public water company accountable for ensuring that the water it provided was not detrimentally impacted by agricultural runoff. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights found violations, inter alia of the rights to life and to health, owing to the failure of the Government of Nigeria to monitor the impact of oil operations polluting water in the Niger Delta.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2014
Paragraphe
The right to adequate housing in disaster relief efforts 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Sixteen months after the earthquake, there were still 634,000 people in over 1,000 camps. Observers noted that the camp populations were declining more slowly than in 2010, suggesting that people had nowhere else to go or had decided that however precarious their situation in the camps, it was still better than their situation of origin. The earthquake thus highlighted long-entrenched patterns of discrimination and neglect. Disasters elsewhere have had similar effects.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Second, arid areas, such as the African Sahel and other dry regions in Central America, Africa and Asia, are vulnerable to increases in temperature and changes in precipitation patterns. In many places deserts are expanding, and regions that were barely habitable will become uninhabitable. Studies have shown that local populations have long coped with difficult environmental conditions through migratory strategies: seasonal migration to towns (African Sahel) or pastoralism (Somalia). In such circumstances, desertification triggers adaptive changes in those migratory strategies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- Households may also have their own water supply from a private well or borehole. Private wells may not provide a regular or year-round supply of water, with seasonal dry periods being problematic in some regions. To ensure water quality, wells must be protected from animals and other sources of contamination. Wells in high-density urban areas are often at great risk of contamination. In some instances, a household will sell water to neighbours. Although this may be safe in some rural areas, there is seldom any regulation of water quality or affordability, or of construction and maintenance.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Année
- 2015
Paragraphe