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Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the nature and forms of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles, and they typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- It is estimated that 10 to 30 per cent of children in fighting forces are female. Girls who are forcibly recruited or abducted into military service typically face forced domestic labour and sexual violence and exploitation such as forced marriage and/or sexual slavery (see paras. 32-35 below). It is important to acknowledge that while violence and exploitation are often defining aspects of the female experience of conflict, this is not always the case. Young women and girls have also been involved in trafficking by deceiving other girls and boys into joining armed conflict, using the Internet and social media.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Youth
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- In the post-conflict climate, the vulnerability of women and girls to trafficking-related exploitation is heightened by their relative lack of access to resources, education, personal documentation and protection. In fact it is common for societies to experience a rise in trafficking for sexual exploitation (for example, forced prostitution) as well as other forms of gender-based violence, such as rape and domestic violence, after a conflict has formally come to an end. However, these crimes are underreported due, inter alia, to stigmatization of survivors and inadequate services for them. Moreover, the demand for cheap labour in the aftermath of crises, when countries and businesses start to rebuild, could also lead to trafficking. This was experienced by Ukrainian construction workers who were trafficked for labour exploitation in Iraq.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68f
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Ensure that issues concerned with sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, including human trafficking, are incorporated into peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction processes and support women's full and equal participation in decision-making, especially when this relates to trafficking issues in conflict situations, in line with the general guidelines and recommendations of the Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- In the post-conflict climate, the vulnerability of women and girls to trafficking-related exploitation is heightened by their relative lack of access to resources, education, documentation in their own name and protection. While trafficking-related exploitation is part of conflict, it is common for societies to experience a rise in trafficking for sexual exploitation (e.g., for forced prostitution) as well as other forms of gender-based violence, such as rape and domestic violence, after a conflict has formally come to an end.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Children trafficked into forced military service perform a variety of combatant and supportive roles. Many children, typically boys, are forcibly recruited or kidnapped for use by armed militias in ongoing conflicts. Children are also used as suicide bombers and human shields. For instance in Iraq, ISIL and other extremist groups traffic boys and young men, including members of the Yazidi minority, into armed conflict, radicalize them to commit terrorist acts using deception, death threats or the offer of money and women as rewards. Others are compelled to work as porters, cooks, guards and messengers or are forced to commit crimes, such as looting and physical and sexual violence. Boys and girls in these situations are often sexually abused and may also be forced to take drugs.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- For the millions of people who are forced to flee their country because of armed conflict, the journey of escape has become increasingly expensive and hazardous, with a tangible risk of trafficking-related exploitation. Sometimes these dangers relate to the available paths of escape. Throughout their journey and at their destination, migrants, including refugees and asylum seekers, are highly vulnerable to physical violence, sexual assault, extortion and trafficking, as well as detention by national authorities. The journey of female migrants and unaccompanied children travelling through the Horn of Africa is particularly hazardous. Thousands have disappeared, presumably abducted for purposes of exploitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Children trafficked for forced military service perform a variety of combatant and supportive roles. Many children, typically boys, are forcibly recruited or kidnapped for use by armed militias in ongoing conflicts. Children are also used as suicide bombers and human shields. Others are compelled to work as porters, cooks, guards and messengers or are forced to commit crimes, such as looting and physical and sexual violence. Boys and girls in these situations are often sexually abused and may also be forced to take drugs.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Children who are forcibly recruited or otherwise compelled to join armed groups face physical and psychological consequences. Whether in a combat or supporting role, they are at risk of grave physical injuries as well as health consequences, such as sickness resulting from malnutrition or disease. Girls may be exposed to further health problems related to sexual violence, pregnancy and childbirth. Also significant is the impact on children's mental health related to post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression or other mental health issues.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- In addition, the nature and form of trafficking in persons associated with conflict are highly gendered. For example, abduction into military forces affects males and females differently. Men and boys are typically forced into soldiering while women and girls are generally forced into support roles and typically face much greater risk of sexual assault as either a primary purpose or an additional manifestation of their exploitation. As previously noted, sexual enslavement, a practice exacerbated by situations of conflict, is highly gendered in that it disproportionately affects women and girls. Other forms of trafficking-related exploitation particular to or especially prevalent in conflict, including forced and temporary marriage, are highly gendered in their motivation and impact, which underscores the importance of a gender analysis in all trafficking prevention efforts and responses.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Criminal networks specifically target impoverished communities, including the internally displaced, in order to exploit their vulnerabilities. Poor and displaced families may entrust the care of their children to traffickers who promise to provide them with education or skills training, but ultimately exploit them for the purposes of prostitution, forced labour and domestic servitude, or irregular adoption. Internally displaced women and girls are often disproportionately affected by loss of livelihoods during displacement (A/HRC/23/44, para. 46). In Jordan for example, Syrian refugees and asylum seekers, including children as young as 3 years old, are lured to work illegally for low wages to sustain families, which puts them at risk of trafficking (A/HRC/32/41/Add.1, para. 11).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- It is estimated that 10-30 per cent of children in fighting forces are female. Girls who are forcibly recruited or abducted into military service typically face forced domestic labour and sexual violence and exploitation such as forced marriage and/or sexual slavery (see paras. 31-34 below). It is important to acknowledge that while violence and exploitation are often defining aspects of the female experience of conflict, this is not always the case. Young women and girls have also been involved in trafficking by deceiving other girls and boys into joining armed conflict, using the Internet and social media.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Youth
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Forced displacement can increase the risk of trafficking by weakening or destroying family support structures, community bonds and self-protection mechanisms that might otherwise serve as a buffer against human trafficking. Because internally displaced persons often lack documentation and have limited access to education, resources and self-reliance opportunities, they may be particularly vulnerable to traffickers who appear to offer life-saving access to employment and other opportunities. Internally displaced persons who fear for their lives and wish to seek protection abroad can also fall prey to traffickers who claim to offer a route to safety. Traffickers specifically target impoverished communities, including the internally displaced, in order to exploit their vulnerability. Poor and displaced families may entrust the care of their children to traffickers who promise to provide them with education or skills training, but ultimately exploit them for the purposes of prostitution, forced labour or irregular adoption. Internally displaced women and girls are often disproportionately affected by the loss of livelihoods during displacement (see A/HRC/23/44, para. 46).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is perpetrated not only by organized criminals. For instance, Syrian refugee women and girls are trafficked for sexual exploitation through the practice of "temporary" or child and/or forced marriages. These girls and women are often forcibly married by their parents, who view such arrangements as a way of securing their daughters safety and ensuring the family's livelihood through the bride price. Once married, such wives are likely to end up in a situation of sexual and domestic exploitation by a spouse whom they followed abroad (A/HRC/32/41/Add.1). Trafficking for forced prostitution through marriages with foreign men who then force their "brides" into prostitution in another country is also common.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) estimates that some 300,000 boys and girls under the age of 18 are involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide. One in three children in the Kurdistan region of Iraq has been approached for forced or compulsory recruitment in armed conflict. Moreover, children are especially vulnerable to being trafficked into military service by Government armed forces, paramilitary groups and rebel groups if they are separated from their families, are displaced from their homes, live in combat areas or have limited access to education.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 77b
- Paragraph text
- [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73f
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Ensure that issues concerned with sexual and other forms of gender-based violence, including human trafficking, are incorporated into peacebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction processes and support women's full and equal participation in decision-making, especially when this relates to trafficking issues in conflict situations, in line with the general guidelines and recommendations of the Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Individuals and communities caught up in conflict are vulnerable to a range of human rights violations. Pre-existing conditions and vulnerabilities, such as structural gender-based and other forms of discrimination affecting women, children and non-citizens, are exacerbated during conflict as opportunities for exploitation increase and protections break down. Conflicts are prolonged by actors who take advantage of situations of lawlessness to reap personal gain through lucrative activities such as trafficking. In this section the Special Rapporteur will look into trafficking into military service and sexual and labour exploitation during conflict involving all persons, including boys, girls and migrants.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In the section below, the Special Rapporteur will examine the issue of the trafficking of children into military service - one of the worst forms of child labour, as well as their trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation during conflict involving all persons, including boys, girls and adult migrants.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 72b
- Paragraph text
- [Concerned governmental institutions, law enforcement authorities, civil society organizations, academia, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations should undertake further research on the different forms of trafficking in persons in relation to conflict and post-conflict situations, including on:] The linkage between gender and trafficking in persons in conflicts, not only with regard to girls and women but also boys and men;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation is perpetrated not only by organized criminal groups. For instance, Syrian refugee women and girls may be trafficked for sexual exploitation through the practice of "temporary" or child and/or forced marriages. They may be forcibly married by their parents, who view such arrangements as a way of securing their daughters safety and ensuring the family's livelihood through the bride price. Once married, such wives are likely to end up in a situation of sexual and domestic exploitation by a spouse whom they followed abroad (A/HRC/32/41/Add.1). Trafficking for forced prostitution through marriages with foreign men who then force their "brides" into prostitution in another country is also common.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Conflict-related violence, such as sexual violence, can itself be a driver of forced internal displacement, which in turn increases vulnerability to further exploitation, including through trafficking. For instance, sexual violence by armed groups has forced ethnic minority women and girls in remote rural areas away from their communities and placed them at greater risk of trafficking within the country as well as overseas. Additionally, worsening security situations and overcrowded camps with inadequate basic services cause some internally displaced persons to risk crossing borders in an irregular manner in search of employment, putting themselves at high risk of exploitation because of their lack of legal status. Military attacks on camps further worsens displacement and causes undocumented internally displaced persons, including women and unaccompanied children, to flee their camps, exposing them to the risk of being exploited or trafficked.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 71c
- Paragraph text
- [States hosting, among persons fleeing conflict, children who may have been or are at risk of being victims of trafficking in persons should:] Recognize the specific vulnerability of trafficked girls or potential victims of trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation in conflict and post-conflict situations and take measures to reduce their vulnerabilities;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73b
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Prevent early marriages, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or in the host country;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 66c
- Paragraph text
- [States hosting, among persons fleeing conflict, children who may have been or are at risk of being victims of trafficking in persons should:] Recognize the specific vulnerability of trafficked girls or potential victims of trafficking for sexual and labour exploitation in conflict and post-conflict situations and take measure to reduce the vulnerabilities;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The trafficking of women and girls for sexual exploitation, including sexual slavery, forced marriage, forced prostitution and forced pregnancy, features within the broader picture of sexual violence perpetrated against the civilian population during and in the wake of conflicts. The nexus between trafficking in persons and sexual violence is further affirmed in the statement of the President of the Security Council of 16 December 2015 (S/PRST/2015/25), which underscores the urgency of efforts to deter, detect and disrupt trafficking in persons, including by terrorist and violent extremist groups. Although some form of abduction has been a feature of armed conflicts in the past, recently there has been an egregious pattern of abducting women and girls from their homes or schools in conflict-affected settings. These women and girls may subsequently be forced to marry and/or serve as sex slaves. Such exploitation, which in some cases also involves trafficking for forced marriage and sexual enslavement by extremist groups such as ISIS, Boko Haram and their affiliates, is believed to be a strategy to generate revenue as well as to recruit, reward and retain fighters. For instance, it is reported that Yazidi women and girls are being trafficked for sexual enslavement by ISIS between Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic (A/HRC/32/CRP.2, paras. 127 and 174). In order to prevent such abductions, families are reported to be confining women and girls and removing girls from school (S/2015/203, para. 61).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73e
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Address the root causes of trafficking in persons on the basis of a gender-sensitive approach, in cooperation with civil society organizations, United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 73a
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether source, transit or destination countries of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and post-conflict areas, should:] Recognize and address the vulnerability of women and girls fleeing conflict to the risk of trafficking for sexual exploitation, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or at the hands of the military, extremist groups or family members;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68a
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Recognize and address the vulnerability of women and girls fleeing conflict to trafficking for sexual exploitation, whether in refugee/internally displaced persons camps or at the hands of the military, extremist groups or family members;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 68d
- Paragraph text
- [All States, whether a source, transit or destination country of women and girls trafficked for sexual exploitation in conflict and-post conflict areas, should:] Identify, protect and assist victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and sexual slavery;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Girls
- Women
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe