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Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2017
Document code
A/72/127
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2016
Document code
A/HRC/33/49
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2014
Document code
A/HRC/27/55
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2014
Document code
A/69/213
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2013
Document code
A/HRC/24/44
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2013
Document code
A/68/264
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2011
Document code
A/HRC/18/33
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2017
Document code
A/HRC/36/45
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Affordability of water and sanitation services

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2015
Document code
A/HRC/30/39
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2016
Document code
A/71/302
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2015
Document code
A/70/203
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2012
Document code
A/67/270
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2010
Document code
A/HRC/15/31
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2011
Document code
A/66/255
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2010
Document code
A/65/254
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation

Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Legal status
Non-negotiated soft law
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Year
2012
Document code
A/HRC/21/42
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Document

Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 57

Paragraph text
In order to effectively incorporate the human rights to water and sanitation in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, particularly with respect to development cooperation, an adequate architecture must be established to assist in the formulation, guidance, management and support of the development agenda. That architecture should ideally place the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation at the centre of the specific processes related to Goal 6 overall and targets 6.1 and 6.2 specifically. The Panel should be acutely aware of the need to base its recommendations in human rights principles and the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, as outlined in the present report. In so doing, the Panel should be able to duly address concerns raised by civil society organizations regarding the possible propensity to predominantly favour a business-oriented approach to the sector. The establishment of an entity with greater openness and a wider plurality of stakeholders and viewpoints is essential to successfully introducing the human rights to water and sanitation into development cooperation and to achieving the water and sanitation-related goals of the 2030 Agenda.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Environment
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2016
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 42

Paragraph text
While support and participation of donors and NGOs in water and sanitation service delivery is welcome, there are challenges to sustainability when they become service providers and questions of accountability and transparency arise. A key risk to sustainability is the fact that few NGOs provide services on a permanent or long-term basis. Most usually disengage from projects after a certain period, which may have negative impacts on the long-term viability of services if no proper sustainability strategy is put in place. Even with the best of intentions, these systems may be responding to immediate and concrete needs to the detriment of building a system that can remain functional over time. While providing immediate access is important, it is equally central to guarantee long-term operation and maintenance, and to plan with government and communities for phased exits and local ownership. The lack of long-term focus has been linked to a lack of political incentives, particularly for donors, to put resources towards maintaining existing infrastructure, over building new ones that give better visibility for their investment and support.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Environment
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2013
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Stigma and the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2012, para. 44

Paragraph text
Human dignity is the foundation of all human rights. The International Covenants on Human Rights proclaim that the rights enshrined therein derive from the inherent dignity of the human person. Human dignity is an intrinsic and universal quality of the human person. Behaviour and activities that violate human dignity can include activities or statements that "demean and humiliate individuals or groups because of their origins, status or beliefs", as well as negative stereotyping that implies that members of a particular group are inferior. Stigma is, by its demeaning and degrading nature, antithetical to the very idea of human dignity. Stigma as a process of devaluation, of making some people "lesser" and others "greater", is inconsistent with human dignity, which is premised on notions of the inherent equality and worthiness of the human person. It undermines human dignity, thereby laying the groundwork for violations of human rights. Human dignity is closely linked to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation, and to various related rights such as non-discrimination, the right to be free from inhuman or degrading treatment, and the right to privacy.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Social & Cultural Rights
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • All
Year
2012
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 39

Paragraph text
The Special Rapporteur is of the view that a forward-looking post-2015 development agenda must be ambitious. It must tackle disparities and emphasize non-discrimination and equality as core principles. This view is shared increasingly by States, United Nations entities, development actors and civil society organizations. This comes from practical evidence found on the ground. Appallingly, much of the progress made since 2000 has left the most marginalized in a similar situation. Indeed, many agree that the current set of Millennium Development Goals, which focus on average progress, has masked the inequalities that lie behind these averages, thus requiring a new method of measuring progress. According to the United Nations Development Group, inequalities have been identified as one of only nine major areas for consultation at the global level. This sentiment is widely shared by those working in the water and sanitation sectors, agreeing that "concerns of non-discrimination and equity related to fulfilling the right to access water and sanitation should be reflected in future indicators".
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2012
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 63a

Paragraph text
[The human rights framework does not call for any particular form of service provision. It is well established that, from a human rights perspective, States can opt to involve non-State actors in sanitation and water services provision. But the State cannot exempt itself from its human rights obligations and hence remains the primary duty-bearer. Therefore, also when involving other actors in services provision, the role of the State is crucial. The obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors are complementary. The latter can and should support the State in the realization of human rights. In line with these conclusions, the independent expert offers the following recommendations:] States must develop a national plan, including legislation and other appropriate measures, to progressively achieve the full realization of the rights to water and sanitation, including in currently unserved and underserved areas, independent of the modalities of the service provision chosen. These measures should be based on the explicit recognition of the rights to water and sanitation;
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2010
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 77

Paragraph text
Process assessment should encompass the variety of measures performed throughout project implementation with a basis in upholding human rights standards. Examples include ensuring the active and meaningful participation of all stakeholders and providing access to transparent information. Process assessment is especially crucial to situating development cooperation projects in a broader context. In this sense, UNICEF urges partner States to include a “narrative” aspect, which cannot be reflected in reporting mechanisms based on quantitative standards, as it helps to nuance apparently positive or negative results. However, the use of narratives is generally less common among funders and could help to give more substance to quantitative indicators. For instance, Japan has set a target to build capacity for 1,750 professionals working in water supply in Africa. Yet the specific content of such interventions is not defined, nor does it interact with a subsequent outcome indicator. Specifically, it is not possible to assess the nature of the training imparted to the professionals and related improvements to service provision as a result of the training.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • All
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 61

Paragraph text
A broader mechanism for achieving access to water and sanitation services for people living in poverty is to put in place "social protection floors". These are nationally defined basic social security guarantees that ensure access to essential services, including water and sanitation, as well as providing basic income security to those in need. Human Rights Council resolution 28/12 of 9 April 2015 acknowledged "that social protection floors may facilitate the enjoyment of human rights… safe drinking water and sanitation, in accordance with the human rights obligations of States" and encouraged "States to put in place social protection floors as part of comprehensive social protection systems" (A/HRC/RES/28/12, paras. 6 and 8). Social protection floors can be particularly relevant for achieving gender equality and protecting marginalized or disadvantaged individuals and groups. At the national level, for instance, Cambodia has made support for sanitation and water in times of emergency and crisis a key intervention under the National Social Protection Strategy for the Poor and Vulnerable. In Mexico, the federal budget for social spending, which contributes to building a social protection floor, includes water supply and sewerage.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Gender
  • Poverty
  • Social & Cultural Rights
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • All
Year
2015
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 93b

Paragraph text
[Finally, the Special Rapporteur recommends:] That the Human Rights Council consider in the universal periodic review the issue of development cooperation in the context of water and sanitation services.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 62

Paragraph text
Achieving behavioural change in beneficiaries and institutions and creating awareness on safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene services are fundamental to ensuring transformative development and sustainable water and sanitation projects. Yet efforts to achieve those objectives are seriously limited by time-based constraints that are common in development cooperation projects. The usual time frame for the full cycle of project implementation is from three to five years at most. A combination of several factors make such time frames too short to guarantee effective capacity-strengthening and lasting behavioural change. Ensuring the continuity of measures initially funded through development cooperation, especially those related to project management, may be a determinant in guaranteeing projects’ medium- to long-term sustainability. Several projects assessed revealed that funding was allocated to deploy local activists or community workers tasked with raising awareness on hygiene and encouraging local participation in user associations. However, those projects did not contain conditions or mechanisms that would ensure continuous support for those functions after the project terminated.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 90g

Paragraph text
[In addition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that regulatory actors:] Support and influence policy formulation and legislative changes in line with the human rights to water and sanitation;
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 90d

Paragraph text
[In addition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that regulatory actors:] Ensure non-discriminatory service coverage by service providers, including to poorer neighbourhoods, informal settlements and rural areas;
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 90c

Paragraph text
[In addition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that regulatory actors:] Set and monitor indicators that cover all the elements of the rights and disaggregate them by prohibited grounds of discrimination;
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Governance & Rule of Law
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 54

Paragraph text
The regulatory framework must provide a contextual meaning of the social and cultural acceptability of water and sanitation facilities. This cannot be done in a meaningful way without the genuine participation of those who use the services. While water should be of an acceptable colour, odour and taste for each personal or domestic use, these are highly subjective parameters, and perceptions of these characteristics depend on local culture, education and experience. Personal sanitation is a highly sensitive issue across regions and cultures, and differing perspectives about which sanitation solutions are acceptable must be taken into account when designing, positioning, and setting conditions for the use of sanitation facilities (see A/70/203, para. 13). Regulations should stipulate that facilities need to allow for acceptable hygiene practices in specific cultures, such as anal and genital cleansing, and menstrual hygiene (see A/HRC/12/24, para. 80). Acceptability often requires separate facilities for women and men in public spaces, and for girls and boys in schools, which should be reflected in regulatory frameworks. Regulation should play an essential role in ensuring that toilets are constructed in a way that safeguards privacy and dignity.
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Social & Cultural Rights
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • Boys
  • Girls
  • Women
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 22

Paragraph text
The instruments delegating service provision, including contracts, must reflect the national regulatory framework and human rights standards. This means that these instruments should include a clear definition of the human rights responsibilities of service providers, coverage targets to eliminate inequalities in access, sufficient provision for participation, access to information and mechanisms for accountability. While ensuring this, non-State service providers are also expected to respect human rights. To that end, they must exercise due diligence to become aware of and address any potential impact on the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation, including by analysing the proposed delegating instruments from a human rights perspective (see A/HRC/15/31, para. 38), and where appropriate by undertaking human rights impact assessments. The General Assembly has recently called upon non-State actors, including business enterprises, to comply with their responsibility to respect the human rights to water and sanitation, including by cooperating with State investigations into allegations of abuses of these rights, and by progressively engaging with States to detect and remedy such abuses (see General Assembly resolution 70/169, para. 6).
Body
Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
Document type
Special Procedures' report
Topic(s)
  • Equality & Inclusion
  • Governance & Rule of Law
  • Water & Sanitation
Person(s) affected
  • N.A.
Year
2017
Date added
Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph

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