A/HRC/41/33 forces of Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 40 while women who escaped areas held by ISIL have been detained in camps in Iraq and the Syrian Arab Republic on suspicion of involvement with or support for ISIL. The Working Group also notes the blanket imprisonment of women in Chad and Nigeria suspected of having ties with Boko Haram owing to area of origin or perceived exposure. Despite the fact that in many cases the women themselves are not suspected of any wrongdoing, they are placed in detention facilities or other forms of confinement for the alleged involvement of family members with opposing forces. IV. Conclusions and recommendations A. Conclusions 74. Deprivation of liberty involves human rights violations and has devastating consequences for women’s lives, putting them at risk of torture, violence and abuse, unsafe and unsanitary conditions, lack of access to health services and further marginalization. It cuts women off from educational and economic opportunities, from their families and friends, and from the possibility of making their own choices and directing the course of their lives as they see fit. 75. Around the world, women are deprived of their liberty in many places and contexts. They are confined in prisons and detention facilities, in hospitals and psychiatric institutions and care homes, in workplaces, in private homes and in conflict and humanitarian settings. They are deprived of their liberty by the State, but also by community members, members of their own families, intimate partners, caregivers, employers and criminal or armed groups. 76. Deprivation of liberty is deeply gendered. While there are many forms, they are all tied to causes rooted in discrimination against women. Many forms of deprivation of women’s liberty spring from harmful stereotypes that seek to trap women in subjugation or silence, to punish them for perceived moral or sexual deviancy, or to smother them with overprotection. Those stereotypes are far too often enshrined in national laws. 77. Women’s deprivation of liberty is also frequently tied up with violence and conflict, and with poverty, be it through lack of resources or lack of opportunity. Such circumstances trap women, depriving them of choice and often putting them in situations that lead to their confinement. 78. Those risks are heightened for women who experience intersectional forms of discrimination, such as women with disabilities, indigenous, migrant or older women, women from racial, ethnic, sexual or gender minorities and other marginalized women, all of whom face additional layers of harmful and debilitating stereotypes. They are more exposed to violence, conflict, and economic “unfreedom” than other women. 79. Addressing women’s deprivation of liberty is thus not a simple matter of reducing incarceration or institutionalization, or outlawing forced confinement in domestic settings. Those steps are necessary, but they are not sufficient. Ensuring that women enjoy liberty to the full extent and in equal measure with men will require the transformation of societies to root out harmful stereotypes and economic and social inequities. 40 See Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, “Detention in the Syrian Arab Republic: a way forward”, (March 2018), para. 19. 17