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A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The predicted increase in internal displacement due to the effects of climate change and related frequency and severity of natural disasters is a further factor pointing to the need to develop a more consistent, equitable and systemized response to IDPs outside camps. The erosion of livelihoods, in part provoked by climate change, is considered a key "push" factor for the increase in rural to urban displacement and migration, most of which is likely to be to urban slums and informal settlements offering precarious living conditions. The Special Rapporteur believes that the urban dimensions of climate-change-induced displacement should be a key consideration in medium and long-term national development strategies, as well as adaptation measures.. These should include strengthened systems to monitor influxes of IDPs, and to address the assistance and durable solutions needs of IDPs outside camps living in urban areas. IDPs, who are more likely to be unlisted and undocumented, are also likely to have less access to services and livelihoods, and to live in slum areas which are often situated in hazard-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfill sites -thereby making them vulnerable to further risks, including to their physical safety, the loss of housing, and secondary displacement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In the context of global trends such as rapid urbanization, including in less developed States, and a predicted increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters due to the effects of climate change, the phenomena of urban IDPs outside camps is predicted to grow. Both in urban and other settings, host communities and provincial and municipal authorities have a key role in assisting IDPs outside camps, and should be supported in this regard.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 D
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Promote specific research on patterns of internal displacement: into urban centres, including those resulting from sudden and slow onset disasters due to climate change; and secondary displacements from or within urban centres;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- For more than 20 years, the mandate holders have consistently addressed urban displacement and its consequences and called for durable solutions during numerous country visits, including to Colombia (A/HRC/4/38/Add.3), Côte d'Ivoire (A/HRC/ 23/44/Add.1), East Timor (E/CN.4/2000/83/Add.3), Kenya (A/HRC/19/54/Add.2), Somalia (A/HRC/13/21/Add.2), the Sudan (A/HRC/23/44/Add.2) and, more recently, Haiti (report to be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twenty-ninth session, in June 2015). They have also undertaken considerable work through law and policy support in Afghanistan, Kenya, Somalia and Yemen, considering the specific aspects of urban displacement, on particular matters such as eviction or relocation, notably in the context of climate change and slow-onset disasters that prompt movements of people to urban locations in search of livelihoods, security and safety (see A/66/285, para. 30). In previous thematic reports on a more systematized response to internally displaced persons outside camps (A/HRC/19/54) and the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict (A/68/225), the Special Rapporteur has also considered other aspects further developed herein.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 52
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- The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, along with international non-governmental organizations, suggested a plan based on principles of sustainable urbanization, slum prevention and incremental upgrading. Aspects of the intervention included what is termed a "build back better approach" to emergency response from fires, which took fires as an opportunity to introduce firebreaks and mobile shelter kits made of metal poles and fire-retardant canvas to prevent the spread of future fires. The intervention also involved disaster-preparedness programmes. Furthermore, a simple training guide for upgrading temporary settlements, aimed at municipal officials and community leaders, was developed to allow for a swift transfer of the basic skills needed and to empower displaced people to initiate improvements themselves. This intervention halved the number of families affected by fires.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- In addition, a campaign was launched regarding the rights of internally displaced persons to land tenure in Boosaaso. Consequently, landlords entered into an agreement with local authorities and representatives of various displaced groups, which opened the door to upgrading the settlement and included simple principles preventing ad hoc evictions. The campaign mobilized local authorities and traditional/religious leaders to define what would no longer be acceptable in the community. It focused on the positive contribution of internally displaced persons to the local economy and the impact on the host community of unhygienic conditions and heightened fire risks.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- According to United Nations estimates, up to 50 million people are internally displaced because of natural disasters each year. In 2010 alone, at least 42.3 million people were newly displaced by sudden-onset natural disasters, 90 per cent of which were due to climate-related.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The importance of displacement, and in particular internal displacement, within the climate change debate is well established and now calls for specific strategies and measures to address it. Already in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human migration. The Panel estimated that by 2050, 150 million people could be displaced by climate change-related phenomena, such as desertification, increasing water scarcity, floods and storms. Since then, while estimates have varied, it has generally been accepted that the effects of climate change will indeed result in large-scale movements of people, mostly within the boundaries of affected States, and that developing States in the southern hemisphere are likely to be the worst affected.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have significant consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and for human security (A/HRC/10/61) In this context, internal displacement represents a further challenge of adaptation to the effects of climate change. In its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, the General Assembly recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and voiced concern about factors, such as climate change, that were expected to exacerbate the impact of natural hazards, and climate-related slow-onset events.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The importance of addressing displacement caused by climate change was more recently recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At its sixteenth session, held in Cancun, Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010, the Conference of the Parties adopted the "Cancun Adaptation Framework", which expressly acknowledges climate-induced displacement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 22
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- The Conference of the Parties invited all parties to enhance action on adaptation under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, by undertaking, inter alia, measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement, migration and planned relocation, where appropriate, at national, regional and international levels.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 23
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- The present report aims to explore the linkages between climate change and internal displacement from a human rights perspective. It draws on the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the core international human rights instruments and the principal climate change frameworks proposed to date. While not exhaustive, it highlights some key principles and concepts necessary to inform the discussion, sheds light on the complexities surrounding the issue and makes a number of recommendations which could serve to orient future work in this area.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The scope of the report is limited to internal displacement, in keeping with the parameters of the Special Rapporteur's mandate. Moreover, owing to the close linkages between climate change and the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, combined with the inherent difficulty of distinguishing between natural disasters provoked by climate change and those unrelated to this phenomenon, the report takes an inclusive approach to the issue. Owing to space limitations, the specific situation of low-lying island States is not addressed, but will be the focus of attention in the Special Rapporteur's report to the Human Rights Council in March 2012 on his visit to Maldives in July 2011.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 26
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- Two principal strategies to respond to the threats posed by climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation, in the context of climate change policy, refers to measures which aim to minimize the extent of global warming by reducing emission levels and stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Climate change adaptation measures are adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. Alternatively stated, they are measures that reduce harm and strengthen the capacity of societies and ecosystems to cope with and adapt to climate change risks and impacts. This report explores, in particular, possible adaptation measures specific to climate change-induced displacement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- References to resilience in this context relate to "the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner". Definitions of other terms are provided in subsequent sections of the report.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 28
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- While the effects of climate change are themselves expected to result in displacement, this factor should not be considered in isolation from broader global, regional and national dynamics. As highlighted at an expert workshop organized by UNHCR in 2011, the impact of climate change will interact with a number of global mega-trends such as population growth, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility and food, water and energy insecurity, as well as local and regional factors (pre-existing socio-economic and governance situations), which will potentially affect the magnitude and patterns of displacement as well as possible solutions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Climate change is arguably already acting as "an impact multiplier and accelerator". In addition to its negative impact on social and economic rights, which will itself provoke some displacement, climate change, interacting with other pressures or social and political factors, will exacerbate the risk of conflicts, which could then act as a driver of further displacement. Climate-related displacement is therefore likely to be characterized by multiple causalities, such as conflicts due to competition over resources or the loss of livelihoods. This was more recently highlighted during the Security Council debate of 20 July 2011 on the possible security implications of climate change, in which it was noted that climate change could aggravate or amplify existing security concerns and give rise to new ones, particularly in already fragile and vulnerable nations. It could also sharply intensify human displacement, bringing communities into increasing competition for finite natural resources with global repercussions for global economic stability.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- A distinction should be drawn between sudden-onset and slow-onset events since they affect human mobility in different ways. Slow-onset disasters tend to prompt movements of people to other locations in search of livelihoods, food security and safety - a trend already being manifested in different parts of the world. In this context, regional particularities around displacement patterns and their various causes will be important to monitor and understand. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia, as climate change is expected to have especially dire effects on developing countries, and the most vulnerable populations within them. At the time of writing of this report, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa required immediate humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity affecting, inter alia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti. In Somalia, successive drought-induced crop failures, spiralling food prices and lack of food assistance, combined with conflict, insecurity and limited access by humanitarian organizations, have resulted in one of the worst famines in decades, placing 3.7 million people in need of urgent assistance and causing large-scale displacements.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Population displacements are likely to result from or be exacerbated by a number of different changes in our physical climate and environment, including:
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32a
- Paragraph text
- Increased droughts, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters such as desertification which undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32b
- Paragraph text
- Higher temperatures in water and air, and increasing acidity of seas;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32c
- Paragraph text
- Contraction of snow-covered areas and melting of sea ice, leading among other things, to rising sea levels affecting the habitability of coastal areas and low lying island States;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32d
- Paragraph text
- Increased frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, mudslides and flooding, which will threaten the physical safety of affected populations;
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32e
- Paragraph text
- Conflict and social upheaval, directly or indirectly attributable to climate change-related factors, such as competition for scarcer natural resources, changing livelihood patterns, increased social tensions and possible concentration of vulnerable populations, including in poor urban areas.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The above changes in our environment and climate are predicted to increase displacement and to alter its patterns, as people move to locations, predominantly within their own countries, which offer them greater human security and livelihoods. In some instances, for example when planned relocation is unsuccessful or when the spontaneously displaced congregate in urban centres already under pressure, secondary displacements may ensue. Indeed, secondary or cyclical displacements may become a by-product of ineffective adaptation strategies to address original displacement situations, as well as a consequence of the failure to sufficiently plan ahead in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management - all of which may be put under additional pressure by the effects of climate change.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders, on the relationship between climate change and human rights. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the effects of climate change for human rights, including its impact on specific rights, vulnerable groups of persons, forced displacement and conflict, and examines the human rights implications of response measures to climate change. Importantly, it outlines relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concludes that measures to address climate change should be informed and strengthened by international human rights standards and principles.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Other actors have also enriched the discussion by focusing on specific rights or the impact of climate change on particular groups. In addition to posing a direct threat to the right to life, the effects of climate change are expected to have negative implications for basic rights relating to food (A/HRC/7/5), housing (A/64/255), water and health, and affect the overall right to an adequate standard of living (A/HRC/10/61, paras. 21-38). Some of these analyses have highlighted the link between the lack of access to these rights and displacement. In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also a growing category of persons considered to be especially at risk, given the adverse material, social and psychological consequences commonly associated with displacement. These risks are heightened by the fact that the most serious effects of climate change, including displacement, are predicted to disproportionately affect poor regions and countries and populations already in a vulnerable situation owing to poverty and other factors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Measures to address these vulnerabilities and meet the challenges related to climate change-induced displacement should be informed and supported by a human rights-based approach which is applied at all phases of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen principles, developed at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above), underscored the need for such an approach. Principle I states that "responses to climate and environmentally-related displacement need to be informed by adequate knowledge and guided by the fundamental principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- A broad human rights protection framework for internally displaced persons has been developed in the last two decades, which applies explicitly to situations of natural disasters, and extends to persons displaced by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/13/21, paras. 2 and 41-44).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles have also served as a basis for developing further operational guidance, such as the revised Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4), both adopted by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. The former, in particular, represent progress in the application of a human rights-based approach to situations of natural disasters - situations closely related to climate change given the increased frequency of climate-related disasters. In addition to applying in different contexts, the Guiding Principles provide specific standards of assistance and protection at all stages of displacement, including in the prevention of displacement, during the displacement phase itself and in the search for durable solutions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo