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Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Ensuring the quality of services
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 63f
- Paragraph text
- [In line with these conclusions, the independent expert recommends the following:] Official development assistance for the water and sanitation sector must be better targeted to primarily reach those most in need, including in least developed and other low-income countries as well as the most marginalized communities and populations in other countries. As those most in need tend to benefit from basic systems, priority should be given to these. Moreover, since sanitation continues to be underfunded, and more off track than the water target, the former must be prioritized in aid targeting;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The above reasoning suggests that the Millennium Development Goal indicators reflect human rights criteria to a certain extent, but that human rights can bring important dimensions to targets and indicators based upon the Millennium Development Goals, helping to refine and expand them. When these additional criteria are factored in, a much bleaker picture emerges. While the extent of the gap is unknown, far more people than indicated by the figures measuring access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities do not have access to sufficient water and sanitation services that are safe, acceptable, accessible and affordable. Assessments carried out by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme demonstrate this by explicitly considering regularity and affordability as additional criteria. Another assessment highlights that access to safe water in urban areas is significantly lower in certain countries than the official figures for access to improved sources would suggest. Likewise, pilot studies by the Joint Monitoring Programme indicate that far from all water sources that are categorized as improved meet water quality standards.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The global targets and indicators are generally formulated in terms of aggregate attainments. While the United Nations guidance on monitoring recommends gender as well as urban/rural disaggregation for all Millennium Development Goal indicators as far as possible, in practice the data are only disaggregated to a very limited extent. The indicators on water and sanitation are a notable exception. But even this is no panacea, as the distinction is often more administrative than real, particularly in peri-urban areas, and studies have found that in national surveys many urban slums are treated as rural areas. In other instances, the population of informal settlements does not appear at all in the statistics. The situation in urban slums, in particular, can therefore be assumed to be much bleaker than the official figures suggest.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- When non-State actors are involved in service provision, there is a shift to a stronger focus on the obligation of the State to protect. At the same time, the obligation to fulfil retains its significance with the aim of creating an enabling environment. States have a duty to regulate and monitor providers that they involve in service delivery. Moreover, they may need to adopt supplementary measures depending on the circumstances, for instance to ensure the affordability of services. A comprehensive approach is needed: non-State service providers can be involved, but the State has the obligation to develop an overall (short, medium and long-term) strategy on how to fully realize the rights to water and sanitation. When the State does not directly provide services, its role nevertheless remains obligatory and critical.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Addressing power asymmetries in the bidding and negotiation process
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Some highly visible instances of private sector participation have triggered a vigorous debate, criticism and high scrutiny over the formal private sector, focusing more on water than sanitation. On the one side, some argue that water is a public good and a unique resource essential for life and health and thus should remain in the public domain. Critics often point to instances where private sector participation is perceived to have failed, arguing that performance has been poor, agreed coverage targets have not been met, the quality of services has decreased, prices have increased substantially and that processes have not been transparent. Conversely, others argue that the private sector can contribute to the necessary investments in the sector, and thus extend coverage to currently unserved or underserved areas, as well as increase service quality and efficiency, contribute with technologies and skills and provide services at lower prices.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- [The challenges in the water and sanitation sector are huge. Many of these challenges are faced by all service providers, State and non-State, and thus this analysis may be relevant in a broader context. However, the present section retains a specific focus on situations where non-State service providers are involved, clarifying the obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors in this context, since the human rights analysis changes when non-State actors become involved. By identifying the challenges in the context of water and sanitation service provision, it is hoped that concrete and practical guidance may be offered to States and service providers alike. Against the standard of the human rights to water and sanitation, a number of such challenges can be identified, including:] Establishing effective complaint mechanisms
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Human Rights Obligations Related to Non-State Service Provision in Water and Sanitation 2010, para. 63n
- Paragraph text
- [The human rights framework does not call for any particular form of service provision. It is well established that, from a human rights perspective, States can opt to involve non-State actors in sanitation and water services provision. But the State cannot exempt itself from its human rights obligations and hence remains the primary duty-bearer. Therefore, also when involving other actors in services provision, the role of the State is crucial. The obligations of States and the responsibilities of non-State actors are complementary. The latter can and should support the State in the realization of human rights. In line with these conclusions, the independent expert offers the following recommendations:] States must put into place accountability mechanisms at the national level. They should also adhere to mechanisms at the regional and international levels and should, in particular, ratify the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 21
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- Another form of household contribution in accessing formal water and sewerage services is the connection charges. These costs consist of payments to the utility for the cost of connection to the network (e.g. the physical costs of bringing the pipes to the household) and the cost of improvements within the household to enable such a connection (e.g. in-house pipes, water storage tanks etc.). These costs are often a significant barrier for those living in extreme poverty, with recent research suggesting that in Africa the average connection cost paid to utilities was US$ 185.50, and in Asia, US$ 168.90. Putting these numbers in context, connecting to the water system in, for example, Ghana requires about one year's income. Some countries have decided to reduce the barriers to accessing water and sanitation services by removing this charge for all or some households, or by incorporating some or all of the cost of extending the service into standard service charges. Arguably, expanding the customer base of the water utility has the potential to bring in more revenue than insisting on high connection charges.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 64
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- In terms of measuring available resources, fragmentation presents an obstacle in several ways. For one, it is fairly common that a variety of institutions at the national or local level will have an entry point into the water and sanitation sector as part of their broader portfolio of responsibilities. Because in regard to budgeting each agency's contribution to the sector may be couched in terms of these larger responsibilities (e.g. public health initiatives, housing initiatives, environmental initiatives etc.), it is difficult for States to ascertain with precision the amount of resources they devote to water and sanitation. Indeed, this diffusion of responsibility for water and sanitation is a major contributor to under-resourcing. Furthermore, with resources located in several different accounts, it is difficult to monitor disbursements. For example, a Treasury single account, which consolidates all of the Government's cash and provides a trail of how the funds are spent and to whom, offers one way of addressing this challenge.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 51
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- Directing more resources towards operation and maintenance is essential for the long-term sustainability of efforts to realize the rights to water and sanitation. Seventy-five per cent of the current annual resource needs to achieve the Millennium Development Goal targets for water and sanitation are for replacing and maintaining existing resources. Unfortunately, despite progress in expanding coverage of water and sanitation services, there are clear signs of slippage, whereby communities that had received improved coverage fell into old patterns owing to poor maintenance. In India, for instance, roughly 30 per cent of all communities that had gained improved access to water and sanitation have since lost some or all of that coverage. Throughout Africa, it is estimated that, at any given moment, between 30 and 40 per cent of hand pumps are not functional. Comparatively little international aid currently goes to covering such expenses.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 58
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- The proliferation and sustainability of water and sanitation services depends not only on financing and constructing new facilities. States also have an obligation to educate communities about the hygienic use of water and sanitation services. Devoting resources towards educating communities about the use and benefits of water and sanitation and consulting with them about their specific needs have a number of benefits, including, inter alia, ensuring that the services are used correctly and in a manner that supports their long-term sustainability; improving local ownership, transparency and accountability; ensuring that facilities are acceptable and reflect the cultural needs of the community; and improving overall public health. Despite these benefits, most countries still have limited capacity to devote further resources to this area. International support also remains low, representing just 1 per cent of total aid to the sector in 2008.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- It is exceedingly difficult to track these contributions and factor them into overall planning and budgeting. While tariffs for water and sanitation services will be relatively easy to monitor, the amount that households spend to build and maintain their access is more difficult, especially in cases of non-networked services. A human rights analysis requires consideration of these costs as they impact the affordability of water and sanitation. This information is essential for understanding which segments of the population require which kind of assistance in order to ensure their access to water and sanitation. The significant level of household contributions often required for gaining or maintaining access to water and sanitation can function as a barrier for people living in poverty.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Where large-scale systems are planned, it is important to investigate who benefits: do these investments improve services for those who already enjoy access, or do they expand coverage to those who lack it? Piped water systems generally offer the best quality water at the lowest cost per capita owing to economies of scale. These systems must, however, also be made available to those households which are unserved or under-served in peri-urban and informal settlements. At present, the benefits from large-scale systems largely go to middle and upper-income households, reinforcing discrimination and exacerbating disparities between rich and poor.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Fragmentation can also be vertical, occurring not just between ministries, but also between national, subnational and local institutions. It often occurs in the context of decentralization when it is not coupled with a coherent national strategy or strong regulatory framework. Financing channels can often become convoluted, leading to costly overlap and duplication, and inconsistent standards across a country may be applied. The Special Rapporteur has commented on the overarching role of the central Government in ensuring the rights to water and sanitation in the context of decentralized arrangements for delivering these services, especially in her reports on her missions to Slovenia and the United States of America.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 50
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- The Special Rapporteur does not categorically reject any particular technology or suggest that expanding or improving access to water and sanitation should be done cheaply. Low-cost solutions for sanitation are often only temporary solutions, as reliable services that yield the long-term public health improvements normally come at a higher cost. States should determine which technology is appropriate based on the objective. If the goal is, for instance, to stabilize access to water in an informal settlement in the short term with the expectation that the community will be reached by more permanent services after a few years, low-cost options such as water kiosks served by utilities might be acceptable for a limited period.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- There are several reasons for this, including poor targeting and monitoring as a result of a lack of data at both the international and national level and because donors prioritize certain recipient countries for geopolitical reasons. At the international level, most donors do not know specifically whom their resources are reaching or how they are being targeted. Only slightly more than one half of them indicate that they measure the impact of their aid on the poorest sectors of the population, many reporting that more than one half of their aid commitments to water and sanitation were to middle-income countries. Indeed, 7 of the top 10 recipient countries of aid for water and sanitation report levels of access to improved water and sanitation of more than 90 per cent. While aid to middle-income countries is important, it is crucial to ask whether these significant resources are reaching those who are most marginalized and disadvantaged or whether the funds go towards improving access for the relatively well off.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Often, a range of actors is involved in actual service delivery. While, in many instances, municipalities act as service providers, they may also delegate service provision to non-State actors, including companies and non-governmental organizations. In yet other instances, informal service provision prevails, with a range of different actors involved who fill a gap, but have not been formally mandated by the State authorities to provide services. Moreover, there is a great variety in the types of services provided, ranging from networked supply to small-scale sanitation solutions. These different set-ups have significant implications for planning and change the nature of activities to be designated to the different actors involved.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 82c
- Paragraph text
- [The human rights framework requires a coherent and comprehensive approach to planning that emphasizes the underlying structural causes and systemic biases for the lack of access to water and sanitation. It requires considering how laws, social norms, traditional practices and institutional structures and actions affect access. As such, the human rights framework helps to not only cure the symptoms, that is, the lack of access, but aims at addressing the underlying reasons, leading to more sustainable results. In this regard:] States must ensure transparency throughout the planning process, making relevant information, including on existing policies and measures, and expert advice on available technical options, as well as drafts of the plan, publicly available in all relevant languages via multiple channels to ensure accessibility.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 80c
- Paragraph text
- [The full realization of human rights can require complex trade-offs that are even more difficult in situations of economic crisis. Having a plan or a vision guided by a human rights framework helps authorities to prioritize the realization of human rights above other considerations. Yet, a human rights framework provides no single answer on how to set priorities in a case where not all can be reached at the same time - for instance the distribution of resources between neglected remote rural areas and deprived urban slum areas. What human rights standards and principles call for is that such allocation decisions are not based solely on a cost-utility analysis, but are the result of a democratic, participatory and non-discriminatory process. In this regard:] Where strategies and/or plans for the water and sanitation sectors are already in place, States should re-examine these, and revise and align them with human rights standards and principles as necessary;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Along with the provision of water and sanitation services, water resource management should be considered. The Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development called on all States to develop integrated water resources management plans by 2005. The Global Water Partnership defines this approach as "a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resources in order to maximise the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital eco-systems". Integrating human rights into this process would, inter alia, stress the prioritization of basic human needs in the allocation of water. The National Water Sector Development Strategy of the United Republic of Tanzania, for example, demonstrates this approach, stating that "allocation of water for basic human needs in adequate quantity and acceptable quality will receive highest priority".
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Finally, international assistance often contributes to financing with external transfers. Donor policies must integrate the human rights to water and to sanitation and support national priorities regarding water and sanitation, as well as targets to reduce disparities in access. For instance, the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation has prioritized water and sanitation, launching a Water and Sanitation Fund of one billion Euros in 2009, with the specific purpose of contributing to the realization of the human right to water and improving policies and planning processes. Generally, international assistance contributes to financing at the national level (which can then be transferred to the local level), but in some countries local governments are also authorized to receive international grants and loans directly. While this may open up new opportunities, it may also reinforce the risk of disparity between municipalities. It also increases the need for capacity-strengthening at the local level in dealing with public and private funding institutions.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- In presenting this wealth-quintile analysis, the Joint Monitoring Programme went beyond the requirement to provide the basic data required to report on the water and sanitation target and presented quantitative data that point to socioeconomic segments of the population experiencing obstacles in accessing water and sanitation. The Special Rapporteur welcomes this initiative and considers such analysis to be very powerful in highlighting the inequities in access to water and sanitation, but also in showing that States are in a position to improve this situation with the necessary political will. The new framework should reflect the need for this analysis at the level of targets. Hence targets should be crafted that specifically address improvements for the lowest quintile or call for reducing the inequalities between the best-off and the worst-off.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The realization of the rights to water and to sanitation should be considered from the outset, in the planning exercise that determines the general framework at the national level. Hence, coherent planning will require integration of the human rights to water and to sanitation into existing strategies that cover related policy fields and development more broadly. For instance, since the rights to water and to sanitation relate to all spheres of life, plans in the field of education or health should cover access to (sex-segregated) water and sanitation in schools and hospitals. Poverty reduction strategies and national development plans should also have specific action envisaged on water and sanitation.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Planning for the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2011, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Responsibilities in the water and sanitation sectors are often horizontally fragmented among different ministries and departments and vertically fragmented between the national/central and local levels. This reality makes coordination between different sectors, such as health, education, agriculture and social welfare, and at different levels of Government, including municipalities and regions, essential. The roles and responsibilities of these different institutions should be defined clearly in planning and all of these stakeholders should be involved in the process of elaborating and implementing the plan. Where local governments are responsible for delivering services, it is essential that they are involved in planning from the beginning. Moreover, civil society must also be involved in the planning process, as should the private sector where relevant. Finally, while donors and international organizations will often take part, it must be ensured that the process is country-driven. To gain authority and legitimacy, the plan should be endorsed at the highest political level.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Integrating non-discrimination and equality into the post-2015 development agenda for water, sanitation and hygiene 2012, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- The present report concludes that there is much to be gained by redefining progress for a post-2015 development framework, and explicitly including equality, non-discrimination and equity at its foundations. The human right to water and sanitation offers exemplary illustrations of the significance of these principles. The report underlines the need for enhanced data collection and monitoring to determine who is excluded, and calls for incentives to reduce inequalities and focus on the most disadvantaged. Current limitations in measurements or data collection should not deter the international community from committing to a robust set of goals, targets and indicators to reduce the gaps in access to water and sanitation for all. On the contrary, one of the Millennium Development Goals most significant blind spots has been precisely their indifference to inequalities.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Recent developments indicate that the understanding of the importance of wastewater management is on the rise. In 2010, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/153, which encouraged all States to approach the sanitation issue in a much broader context and encompass all its aspects, including wastewater treatment and reuse. Moreover, the outcome document of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, entitled "The future we want" (see General Assembly resolution 66/288, annex), stresses the need to adopt measures to significantly reduce water pollution and increase water quality and significantly improve wastewater treatment. Most recently, the High-level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda included in its report on a new global partnership for the eradication of poverty and the transformation of economies through sustainable development the recycling or treatment of wastewater as a target under its illustrative goal on access to water.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Many options exist to improve on-site sanitation and recycle human waste, especially in rural areas. However, it is crucial to also find solutions for densely populated informal settlements in urban areas. Not only do pits and septic tanks need to be emptied, but also their contents must be properly disposed of or reused. Many traditional wastewater treatment plants cannot deal with sludge, so other solutions, for instance reuse for energy production or fertilizer, can be promoted. Alternatively, processes for treating sludge can be made available at existing or new treatment plants. In South Africa, eThekwini Metropolitan Municipality turned its attention to the challenge of full and overflowing latrines and put into place a programme to empty latrines every five years at no cost to the household (see Water_Services_Development_Plan.aspx). In Japan, the johkasou system, which combines a septic tank with the on-site treatment of septage has been developed (see A/HRC/18/33/Add.3, para. 15).www.durban.gov.za/City_Services/water_sanitation/Policies_Plans_Guidelines/Pages/
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- It is difficult to determine what share of the disease burden and other negative impacts can be attributed to inadequate wastewater management and water contamination. Many public health benefits are derived from access to sanitation, avoidance of direct contact with human excreta and improvement of hygienic practice. However, where wastewater is not even confined and people are exposed to pathogens, lack of wastewater management has negative impacts. Conversely, an increase in the level of wastewater management has been shown to result in public health benefits such as reductions in disease mortality independent from income levels and access to sanitation.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo