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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- In an environment where having albinism is regarded as a curse and where the myth that albinism can be contracted like a contagious disease is prevalent, crossing the road to avoid walking near or refusing to shake hands with persons with albinism is commonplace.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Accusations of witchcraft and related violence are one of the most visible and reported manifestations of belief in witchcraft. While reports indicate that persons with albinism are mainly affected by the muti and juju forms of witchcraft-related violence, mothers of children with albinism and children born with albinism have also reportedly been accused of witchcraft.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- There is also a pressing need for intense field research into the root causes of and trends in attacks in order for the phenomenon to be adequately understood and adequate measures taken.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The phenomena have many connotations and are subject to many interpretations, such that objective definitions are unsatisfactory; "[the] real meaning derives from relationships, shared experiences and individual feelings". Consequently the "meanings … are so varied because the concept is so versatile".
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Recent cases of body-parts trafficking that were brought to the attention of the Independent Expert by civil society include cases where law enforcement agencies acted promptly and were able to prevent the sale and save the persons with albinism involved. In a few other cases, however, the body parts were harvested and have still not been recovered.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Health
- Violence
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- While defining witchcraft as an element of crime raises issues, witchcraft accusations could be objectively defined without defining witchcraft. Therefore, to suppress witchcraft accusations, they could be proscribed with legislation, enforceable with relative ease.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Civil society and other reliable sources have reported more than 600 cases of attacks against persons with albinism across 26 countries, the majority of them in the last eight years. These are only the known cases. The frequency of family involvement in attacks against persons with albinism and the lack of comprehensive monitoring of attacks have an impact on the gathering of complete data.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The term "persons with disabilities" under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has a broad scope and includes any person with a long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment, which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder his or her full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The Independent Expert attaches great importance to the work of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies, many of which have addressed the obstacles faced by persons with albinism, and wishes to extend her full support and availability to cooperate with them on this topic.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The Independent Expert recognizes that a very important part of the mandate is to support States in the development of their national efforts to advance the implementation of the rights of persons with albinism.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Since 2007, civil society organizations have reported hundreds of attacks against persons with albinism in 25 countries. All of those physical attacks appear to be, at least in part, related to the erroneous beliefs and myths linked to witchcraft practices.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Attacks against persons with albinism in some areas have caused hundreds of persons, particularly women and children, to flee their homes and seek refuge in temporary shelters. This has been the case in remote border areas or in areas particularly affected by attacks.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Further, it is also sometimes believed that albinism can be contracted by being in contact with albinism. The same myth is extended to things that have been touched by persons with albinism. There are also beliefs that if a pregnant woman looks at a person with albinism, even unintendedly, her unborn child will be born with albinism, unless she spits to neutralize the "curse". Persons spit at the person with albinism, on the floor, inside their shirts or on their stomachs in the case of pregnant women. One mother of a child with albinism reported that she gave birth to a child with albinism for having herself stared too hard at a person with albinism while fetching water during her pregnancy.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Infants
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Beliefs that attribute supernatural qualities to persons with albinism serve only to dehumanize them. Such beliefs deify or demonize persons with albinism, and present as natural the exclusion, stigma and discrimination they face. This is the case, for example, in the widespread myth that persons with albinism do not die, but simply disappear. This myth is particularly disturbing because it justifies any sudden and inexplicable disappearance of a person with albinism from his or her community. This belief poses a strong risk to persons with albinism by proactively providing an acceptable explanation to the community for the disappearance of a person with albinism after an attack. Further, the existence of such a myth supports the hypothesis that violations of the life and security of persons with albinism predate the contemporary attention given to the issue.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Various authors have emphasized the continued reliance on witchcraft in many African societies and the necessity to take the phenomenon into account to fully understand the contemporary social context. It has also been reported that, despite opposition by religious leaders, access to basic education, and the enactment of legislation criminalizing witchcraft accusations and some forms of practice, witchcraft still remains embedded in society. It remains attractive to a significant number of people as it promises a holistic explanation for human hardships, including by linking socioeconomic misfortunes to other apparent "misfortunes", such as the birth of a child with albinism in a family.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Education
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- [The Independent Expert makes the following recommendations to States affected by attacks against persons with albinism:] [Legal action] Consider regulating the practice of traditional medicine where ambiguity exists, in practice, between witchcraft on the one hand and traditional, herbal or alternative medicine on the other. Such regulation might include an effective monitoring mechanism that reaches rural, remote and border areas, particularly where attacks against persons with albinism have been reported;
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The proportion of reported cases that have been prosecuted is small. This is due to the interplay of several factors, including lack of resources and specialization on the part of law enforcement, such as the absence of electronic databases and the need for enhanced forensic capacity. Similarly, where investigation has an international element, such as cross-border trafficking of persons or body parts, complications often arise, highlighting the lack of international law enforcement cooperation. Such factors are detrimental to a coherent judicial response. Police corruption has also been reported as a factor in the unwillingness to prosecute cases.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In response to the issue, several treaty bodies have called for immediate action to end the attacks. These include the Human Rights Committee, which recommended that affected States strengthen efforts to halt attacks on the physical integrity of persons with albinism, ensure the conduct of timely investigations and strengthen awareness-raising campaigns. Similarly, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Committee on the Right of Persons with Disabilities and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in reiterating the right to life and non-discrimination, have called for immediate action to end such attacks. In their resolutions, the Human Rights Council and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights have also called for immediate action to stop attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Guided by her mandate to identify, exchange and promote good practices relating to the realization of the rights of persons with albinism and their participation as equal members of society, she will strive to identify effective measures to address discrimination against persons with albinism at all levels, including with regard to access to health and education. This collection of best practices would address the protection and promotion of human rights of people with albinism and focus on issues beyond attacks, namely discrimination and equality.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- In so-called Western countries, persons with albinism face the effects of entrenched misconceptions and misunderstandings of the condition. Discrimination through mockery or bullying of school-age children owing to their appearance has been reported. Given the relative rarity of albinism, popular culture, such as movies (a majority of which depict albinism negatively), are often the sole source of information on the condition for the majority of the population, fuelling widespread misconceptions and misunderstanding of the condition.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- It has been widely reported and documented that persons with albinism are hunted and physically attacked due to prevailing myths such as the misbelief that their body parts, when used in witchcraft rituals and potions or amulets, will induce wealth, good luck and political success. Other dangerous myths that facilitate the perpetration of attacks are those linked to perceptions of their appearance, including misbeliefs and myths that persons with albinism are not human beings, but ghosts, that they are subhuman and that they do not die, but disappear. An increase of those attacks, referred to as "ritual attacks", has been reported by civil society during periods of political elections.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In addition, as a protection measure, children have been transported to shelters, including police stations, schools or centres built for other needs, such as for people living with leprosy. Most of these shelters were neither designed nor prepared for an influx of persons with albinism, nor are they equipped to address the special needs of persons with albinism. Reports show that inhabitants with albinism are exposed to early skin cancer risk and various forms of abuse. Furthermore, as pointed out by the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in its study on the situation of human rights of persons living with albinism, an assessment by the OHCHR field presence of the situation of displaced persons with albinism in Burundi showed the precarious security situation of some of them and the negative impact of the measure on the right to an adequate standard of living.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, the Independent Expert will give particular importance to her mandate to conduct, facilitate and support the provision of advisory services, technical assistance, capacity-building and international cooperation in support of national efforts for the effective realization of the rights of persons with albinism and to prevent violence. She is therefore particularly committed to fostering capacity-building of national stakeholders, promoting exchanges on challenges and experiences and supporting efforts in translating international norms into national legislation, policies, programmes and practices that are effective and adapted to national circumstances.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- All
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination against women takes various forms. Women with albinism are reportedly victims of targeted acts of sexual violence spurred by the myth and misbelief that sexual intercourse with a woman with albinism can cure HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, women who give birth to a child with albinism may face ostracism and discrimination. They are also exposed to rejection by their husbands or partners, accused of adultery or infidelity and blamed for giving birth to a child who is generally seen as a curse or a bad omen. The rejection of mothers of children with albinism exposes them to poverty and isolation and increases the vulnerability to attacks of both mother and child with albinism.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Measures identified can be implemented by integrating them into existing, broader frameworks, including laws and policies to implement the rights of persons with disabilities, on access to health, on the rights of women and children, on access to justice services, on victim support services and to eliminate racial discrimination (including discrimination based on colour). Such measures should be extended to the family members of persons with albinism and, in particular, to mothers of children with albinism and women generally. At the same time, specific measures of protection and anti-discrimination for persons with albinism should also be carried out where possible, particularly in countries affected by attacks against persons with albinism and where neglect of this group has been historical and dire.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- However, one of the major challenges in prosecuting attacks has been the inability to identify and prosecute the last two categories of perpetrators. The collection of evidence on the entire chain of criminal command of attacks against persons with albinism is often hindered by the secrecy surrounding witchcraft practice, the participation of family members in perpetrating attacks, the inability or fear of victims and their families to report attacks, as well as the limited financial, human and technical resources at the disposal of law enforcement agents in the concerned countries.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief stated in the report of his mission to Sierra Leone (A/HRC/25/58/Add.1) that freedom of religion or belief, while allowing for legally defined limitations to protect the rights and freedoms of others, must be broadly understood. Witchcraft-related beliefs, whether in their ancient or modern form, are protected under the freedom of belief, as are actions related to such beliefs, as long as they do not violate the rights of others. However, he also stressed that "the serious harm inflicted on persons accused of witchcraft can never be justified", and that "if someone were to invoke the right to freedom of religion or belief in order to support harmful practices, such as the persecution and punishment of alleged witches, this would be a clear case for limiting the application of freedom of religion or belief". The same reasoning applies to other harmful practices, including attacks against persons with albinism: harmful practices can never be justified.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Persons with albinism are victims of ritual attacks. It is believed that their body parts can bring, inter alia, wealth and good luck when used in potions made by practitioners of witchcraft, referred to as witchdoctors. Persons with albinism who are victims of such attacks are often dismembered and their body parts stolen, including limbs, genitals and hair. In addition, body parts are often taken from live victims because of the related belief that the intensity of their screams while being dismembered enhances the potency of the muti or juju.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- In its study on children accused of witchcraft, UNICEF reported that, in many African societies, births considered "abnormal" were generally surrounded by a complex system of representations and rituals. Such births included twins, "badly born" children and persons with albinism. Cases have been reported of parents killing their babies born with albinism for being witches. Where these children are not killed at birth, they are often taken to a spiritual leader or traditional healer to be "healed" through various forms of violent exorcism. Similarly, in a report published by the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on Violence Against Children in 2012, it is stressed that vulnerable children such as children with disabilities, children with albinism, premature babies or specially gifted children are often the target of witchcraft accusations. The link between witchcraft and persons with albinism was also noted in western Sudan where persons with albinism were accused of taking part in "strange and dangerous practices" related to witchcraft.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Infants
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Witchcraft and the human rights of persons with albinism 2017, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- That being said, given the extent of witchcraft practices and the diversity of victims of related harmful practices, including persons with albinism, a transversal approach is timely. This could be in the form of a guiding document that takes into account the several recommendations made to date, including by the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, the Constitutional Law Reform Commission of Papua New Guinea and the preliminary conclusions of the Independent Expert.
- Organismo
- Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Medio de adopción
- N.A.
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo