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The right to access information 2013, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- While reviewing multiple experiences that promote the right to access information, experts have developed some core principles to guide the design and implementation of relevant laws and practices. The same principles had been endorsed and presented to the Commission on Human Rights by the Special Rapporteur on the right to freedom of opinion and expression in 2000 and were further reflected in other declarations prepared by international mechanisms for promoting freedom of expression. The Special Rapporteur considers that these principles continue to represent a crucial tool for translating into practice the various human rights obligations concerning the right to information.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The inclusion of vaguely defined or inappropriate exceptions in national laws on access to information is also a common obstacle that seriously compromises the impact of the instruments. Inappropriate exceptions include, for example, reference to the protection of good relations with other States and intergovernmental organizations. As mentioned above, the widespread and unspecified use of national security concerns as a reason for the denial of access to information is another common occurrence. Some laws explicitly exclude some public bodies from the ambit of national norms, preventing consideration of whether information pertaining to those bodies should be disclosed at all.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The recurrent use of national security concerns as a justification for the denial of access to various types of information predicates a need to study carefully the promotion of confidentiality on such grounds. Widespread secrecy justified on national security grounds is particularly problematic in the context of investigations of human rights violations because it may represent one of the main obstacles to the clarification of responsibilities and consequences of serious violations, ultimately becoming a barrier to the promotion of justice and reparation.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Although national security is a legitimate State concern, one of the main challenges faced when information is classified on national security grounds has frequently been the lack of transparency of the process as a whole. In cases of human rights violations, the situation may occur whereby those who decide to classify such information could belong or be linked to the entities allegedly responsible for the violations. The persistent denial of information on human rights violations potentially involving national security bodies often weakens public trust in these institutions, ultimately reversing the alleged justification for secrecy.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Private companies play a major role in the development, production and transfer of software and hardware that Governments may deploy for law enforcement, intelligence and public security purposes. While such tools may have legitimate purposes, they are often deployed by Governments for purposes of censorship and disproportionate surveillance. Future work will explore such issues through the human rights framework and encourage due diligence in identifying the uses of such technologies for purposes that undermine freedom of expression.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- State surveillance and corporate data collection and retention raise substantial issues of freedom of expression. For instance, how do States conduct surveillance activities with the cooperation of the private sector, and how does such cooperation have an impact on freedom of expression? What are the responsibilities of private actors when they discover that States covertly access Internet and telecommunications data transmitted or stored on their networks or platforms? What are the responsibilities of the private sector to protect security and anonymity online?
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Transparency can help ensure that subjects of Internet regulation are able to meaningfully predict their legal obligations and challenge them where appropriate. Gaps in compliance with these standards threaten the ability of individuals to understand the limits placed on their freedom of expression online and seek appropriate redress when their rights are violated. Transparency issues arise in both State and private sector contexts, such as public-private partnerships, private sector engagement in trade negotiations and the digital arms race.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- With regard to technical measures taken to regulate the above-mentioned type of prohibited expression, such as the blocking of content, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should provide full details regarding the necessity and justification for blocking a particular website and that the determination of what content should be blocked must be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in order to ensure that blocking is not used as a means of censorship.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur commends the work undertaken by organizations and individuals to reveal the worldwide status of online impediments to the right to freedom of expression. He encourages intermediaries in particular to disclose details regarding content removal requests and accessibility of websites. Additionally, he recommends corporations to establish clear and unambiguous terms of service in line with international human rights norms and principles and to continuously review the impact of their services and technologies on the right to freedom of expression of their users, as well as on the potential pitfalls involved when they are misused. The Special Rapporteur believes that such transparency will help promote greater accountability and respect for human rights.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Historically, in particular in countries that have experienced situations of serious and systematic human rights violations, lack of access to information and, often, the circulation of misinformation, have been central issues for subsequent governments and society as a whole when seeking to address the past and constitute an important challenge in the transitional justice process. Over the years, especially following the transition to democracy experienced by countries in Latin America and Eastern Europe in the 1980s and 1990s, the right to the truth has been recognized in a number of forums and documents as a distinct right.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- Given that the enjoyment of human rights also implies responsibilities, and is based on the principles of universality, equality and interdependence, there is a shared responsibility in denouncing human rights violations whenever they occur. Such responsibility is of greater importance in the case of public officials. Therefore, the disclosure in good faith of relevant information relating to human rights violations should be accorded protection from liability. On the other hand, the silence of State officials on violations that they witness can be interpreted as complicity. Transitions to peace and democracy based on silence over past crimes, atrocities or impunity are not sustainable.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- In its General Comment No. 34 (2011) on the right to freedom of expression, the Human Rights Committee indicated that States parties should take account of the extent to which developments in information and communication technologies have substantially changed communication practices. The Committee also called on States parties to take all necessary steps to foster the independence of these new media. The General Comment also analyses the relationship between the protection of privacy and freedom of expression, and recommends that States parties respect that element of the right of freedom of expression that embraces the limited journalistic privilege not to disclose information sources.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- State assertions that national security or public order justifies interference with personal security and privacy are common in cases of surveillance of personal communications, encryption and anonymity, subjects addressed in my report to the Human Rights Council in 2015 (A/HRC/29/32), in my predecessor's report in 2013 (see A/HRC/23/40) and in the report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to privacy in the digital age (A/HRC/27/37). Surveillance, including both bulk collection of data and targeted attacks on specific individuals or communities, interferes directly with the privacy and security necessary for freedom of opinion and expression, and always requires evaluation under article 19. I am concerned that practice often fails to meet such standards. A law recently adopted in the Russian Federation imposes a duty on Internet providers to decrypt communications, apparently requiring the establishment of encryption back doors that will likely disproportionately undermine all users' security. Both the United Kingdom and France have proposed to provide their law enforcement and intelligence officials with the authority to require companies to grant them access to encrypted communications of their users (see A/HRC/29/32, para. 45). Brazil prohibits anonymity entirely as a matter of constitutional law online and offline (ibid., para. 49). I understand that some of these efforts involve genuine commitments to preventing terrorism or guaranteeing public order, but the Governments have not demonstrated that interference with Internet security is a necessary or proportionate measure in the light of the specific threats caused to privacy and freedom of expression.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 57d
- Paragraph text
- [Among steps that I would encourage are the following:] Support independent media and civic space. In the face of State repression of reporting, it is critical that States make an extra effort to support independent voices in the media and civil society at large. At a minimum, I encourage States to avoid imposing restrictions on reporting and research that may be seen to criticize the Government and its policies or to share information about sensitive subjects, including terrorism. States should especially avoid imposing obstacles, such as accreditation procedures or penalties through defamation lawsuits or intermediary liability, that undermine independent media. At the same time, those with the means - such as private donors and foundations - should make a special effort to support independent media and to foster strong scrutiny of media conglomerations that squeeze out the less well-financed outlets;
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- In accordance with resolution 7/36 of the Human Rights Council, the mandate of the Special Rapporteur includes reporting on instances in which the abuse of the right of freedom of expression constitutes an act of racial or religious discrimination, as well as formulating recommendations and making suggestions concerning methods of promoting and protecting the right to freedom of opinion and expression in all its forms. Accordingly, as a contribution to the consideration of this issue, in this report the Special Rapporteur proposes a series of principles that will help to determine what constitutes a legitimate restriction or limitation on the right of freedom of opinion and expression and what constitutes an "abuse" of that right.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2010
Párrafo
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 45g
- Paragraph text
- [The threshold of the types of expression that would fall under the provisions of article 20 (2) should be high and solid. An important contribution in determining the appropriate threshold has been made by ARTICLE 19, a non-governmental organization, which has proposed a seven-part test using the following elements:] Context, including consideration of the speaker or author, audience, intended harm, existence of barriers in establishing media outlets, broad and unclear restrictions on content of what may be published or broadcast; absence of criticism of Government or wide-ranging policy debates in the media and other forms of communication; and the absence of broad social condemnation of hateful statements on specific grounds when they are disseminated.17
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- The right to seek and receive information is an essential element of the right to freedom of expression. It is, as noted in a previous report of the Special Rapporteur, a right in and of itself and one of the rights upon which free and democratic societies depend (E/CN.4/2000/63, para. 42). Accordingly, the Special Rapporteur has, since the establishment of the mandate, carried out a number of studies regarding certain aspects of its implementation (see, for example, E/CN.4/1999/64, E/CN.4/2000/63, E/CN.4/2003/67, E/CN.4/2005/64 and Corr.1, A/HRC/11/4 and A/HRC/17/27). In more recent reports, the Special Rapporteur has focused on rights and limitations regarding access to the Internet, which are in numerous respects closely linked to the right to seek and receive information (A/HRC/17/27, sects. II to VI, and A/66/290, sects. III to V).
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- As indicated in a comprehensive comparative study of national experiences promoting access to information, the adoption of national laws should be regarded only as the first step: full implementation requires political will (full endorsement by various relevant authorities of the principles enshrined by the new normative framework), an active civil society (advocating and monitoring the implementation of the norms) and respect for the rule of law. In fact, a number of frequent obstacles can be noted in the review of national practices implementing legal frameworks protecting the right to information.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- It is also critical that private entities ensure the greatest possible transparency in their policies, standards and actions that implicate the freedom of expression and other fundamental rights. Human rights assessments should be subject to transparent review, in terms of their methodologies, their interpretation of legal obligations and the weight that such assessments have on business decisions. Transparency is important across the board, including in the context of content regulation, and should include the reporting of government requests for takedowns.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The regulatory ecosystem on the Internet is extensive and diverse, involving actors at domestic, regional and international levels, in private and public sectors, in academia and civil society. Some aspects of information and communications technology - such as the provision of telecommunication and Internet services - have long attracted State and international regulation as well as public scrutiny. Other areas, such as search, social media, and the sale of surveillance technologies, are also increasingly subject to such scrutiny, commensurate with their growing impact and influence on the exercise of freedom of expression online.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- As the present report has shown, many international organizations play a role in information and communication technology governance processes. It is critical that such organizations provide meaningful public access to policies, standards, reports and other information concerning Internet governance created or generated by the organization and/or its membership, including through facilitating access to free online resources and public education initiatives. More generally, the multi-stakeholder process for Internet governance has been an important driver for policies supportive of freedom of expression. With that in mind, international organizations should ensure meaningful civil society participation in policymaking and other standard-setting processes, including through increasing the presence of technical experts sensitive to human rights concerns.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Private actors face substantial pressures from Governments and individuals to restrict expression deemed to constitute extremism or hatred, hostility or harassment. Private actors may also themselves aim to foster what they perceive to be civil discourse on their platforms, regulate access through real-name requirements and other registration policies, or feature or prioritize certain content for business reasons. Future work will evaluate the potential of State abuse of private initiatives, the impact of private measures on freedom of expression, and the relevant human rights obligations and responsibilities. This reporting will not only focus on the roles of social media and search engines, but also lesser known actors such as e-commerce and financial intermediaries.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Many questions concerning private actors in the digital age focus on content regulation. For instance, how do States facilitate or demand content removal, censorship and unnecessary or disproportionate restrictions on the right to seek, receive and impart Internet content through private platforms and networks? How do private enterprises respond to these demands and other external pressures? When the private sector develops and enforces its own internal policies and standards to protect and promote rights online, how do these have an impact on individual expression and access information?
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 24a
- Paragraph text
- [As set out in article 19, paragraph 3, of the Covenant, there are certain exceptional types of expression which may be legitimately restricted under international human rights law, essentially to safeguard the rights of others. This issue has been examined in the previous annual report of the Special Rapporteur. However, the Special Rapporteur deems it appropriate to reiterate that any limitation to the right to freedom of expression must pass the following three-part, cumulative test:] It must be provided by law, which is clear and accessible to everyone (principles of predictability and transparency); and
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Given that Internet services are run and maintained by private companies, the private sector has gained unprecedented influence over individuals' right to freedom of expression and access to information. Generally, companies have played an extremely positive role in facilitating the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression. At the same time, given the pressure exerted upon them by States, coupled with the fact that their primary motive is to generate profit rather than to respect human rights, preventing the private sector from assisting or being complicit in human rights violations of States is essential to guarantee the right to freedom of expression.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- However, while a notice-and-takedown system is one way to prevent intermediaries from actively engaging in or encouraging unlawful behaviour on their services, it is subject to abuse by both State and private actors. Users who are notified by the service provider that their content has been flagged as unlawful often have little recourse or few resources to challenge the takedown. Moreover, given that intermediaries may still be held financially or in some cases criminally liable if they do not remove content upon receipt of notification by users regarding unlawful content, they are inclined to err on the side of safety by over-censoring potentially illegal content. Lack of transparency in the intermediaries' decision-making process also often obscures discriminatory practices or political pressure affecting the companies' decisions. Furthermore, intermediaries, as private entities, are not best placed to make the determination of whether a particular content is illegal, which requires careful balancing of competing interests and consideration of defences.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to access information 2013, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- There are also good practices regarding the appointment of dedicated officials to assist in the implementation of national laws on access to information. These can be established through the appointment of information officers, or the establishment of an office, such as the Mexican Federal Institute for Access to Information. Such mechanisms may undertake multiple functions relating to the promotion of access to information, such as processing requests, ensuring the proactive publication of information by public bodies, providing assistance to applicants, proposing adapted procedures to implement the law, training and raising the awareness of other officials, monitoring the implementation of the law, and reporting.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Whereas the international human rights framework does not establish specific prescriptions for national regulation of political and electoral communications, it does provide very clear guiding principles that should frame the establishment and implementation of all regulations. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, besides promoting an adequate environment for the work of the media, States should seek to ensure the fulfilment of three key tenets in order to ensure the protection and promotion of freedom of expression during electoral processes: pluralism, transparency and accountability.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Civil society organizations and initiatives also remain vibrant and critical to expanding or strengthening freedom of expression norms, particularly in situations of significant flux, such as contemporary digital technologies or the law at the intersection of expression and religion, such as the Rabat Plan of Action. Restrictions on civic space raise particular concerns, not only with regard to freedom of expression (see Human Rights Council resolution 32/31). Independent media, in the face of growing concentrations of ownership in many markets, remain critical as watchdogs of public authorities around the world, particularly in digital space.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 57e
- Paragraph text
- [Among steps that I would encourage are the following:] State leadership. One of the most disappointing aspects of the current situation for freedom of expression is that many States with strong histories of support for freedom of expression - in law and in their societies - have considered measures liable to abuse in their own countries or to misuse when applied elsewhere. In particular, Governments pursuing new policies to enhance surveillance or to limit Internet security should reconsider those efforts, as they often fail to meet the tests of necessity and proportionality. I strongly urge all States to consider that attacks on security on the Internet pose long-term threats not only to freedom of expression but also to national security and public order itself.
- Condicón jurídica
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo