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The right to health and development 2011, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- The relationship between development and human rights has undergone numerous changes over the past five to six decades. While each began as, and largely remains, an independent approach to addressing problems of human welfare, there has been an inexorable shift within the development sphere of late towards a more humanistic model of advancement and the recognition that health has an impact on economic development. This has necessarily come to include human rights, although the form in which human rights-based concepts and approaches are incorporated has varied, and there have been differing levels of acceptance of such concepts within the development sphere.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to health and development 2011, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Another benefit which human rights bring to development is guidance concerning the design and practical implementation of development programmes. For instance, one of the core requirements of a human rights-based approach is the requirement that processes are guided by human rights principles, as stated in the Common Understanding. For example, an increase in the number of people undergoing HIV testing may be a good outcome, but if achieved through coercive testing rather than a voluntary campaign, it is clear that human rights have failed to be integrated into the strategy. Moreover, simply achieving a positive result in a given field, such as health, will not automatically promote respect for the corresponding right, and thus imbue rights-holders and duty-bearers with a long-term "guarantee [or] set of structural claims". Put simply, more needs to be done to ensure that long-term realization of rights occurs as a result of any development interventions. In respect of health, this is best achieved through undertaking the process of identifying the relevant human rights laws, norms and standards that apply, as part of the right to health framework, and continuing on to identify rights-holders and duty-bearers in that context. It has been noted that the "quality, legitimacy and sustainability" of outcomes depend on the process used to achieve them, and human rights may help secure those desirable elements, as well as addressing structural problems that ultimately perpetuate the very conditions that development programming seeks to address.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to health and development 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- In many cases, it is very difficult to conduct evidence-based evaluations of human rights-based health interventions with the same level of methodological rigour applied to, for instance, clinical drug trials. As evaluation unavoidably feeds back into, and threatens to dictate, strategy, this can lead to distortion of prioritization in relation to interventions that can be more easily based on available evidence. Human rights-based interventions may be especially susceptible to this distortion precisely because they are less amenable to evidence-based evaluations. Given the difficulty of plainly illustrating the cause and effect relationship between the realization of human rights and intended health outcomes (for instance, the empowerment of sex workers, their increased use of condoms, and the resultant lower levels of HIV infection) it is imperative that a broad range of evidence-informed practices are used when evaluating human rights-based interventions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to health and development 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- These issues are partly addressed by the work of actors such as the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), which developed, at the request of the human rights treaty bodies, a framework for indicators to monitor compliance with international human rights instruments, which takes into account the various ways in which human rights relate to development. The framework establishes three sets of indicators: structural, process, and outcome, and a list of illustrative indicators on the right to health have been developed. However, monitoring and evaluation of human rights-related issues in the development field has thus far been largely limited to outcome indicators. This raises some key concerns with respect to the way indicators are used in development and their impact on human rights.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to health and development 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The second phase of the response, in which the international community promoted the prevention of discrimination under the "public health rationale", is a clear example of recognition of the impact of human rights on health, and vice versa. It became increasingly clear that violations of the right to health, such as the State's failure to prevent discrimination towards people living with HIV and AIDS (or, indeed, discrimination perpetrated by the State itself) actually reduced the effectiveness of HIV prevention programmes. Conversely, where rights were protected by the State, through clear preservation of anonymity in the context of HIV testing, participation in testing and counseling increased. The elimination of discrimination and protection of basic freedoms not only upheld rights but furthered public health aims concurrently.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
The right to health and development 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Harmonizing the practical and operational aspects of human rights and development without compromising the essential values and philosophies of both domains is a challenge. Divergence stems from a number of factors, including practical disciplinary differences; development is largely the domain of economists and human rights that of lawyers and advocates. Additionally, there exists the long-standing contention that human rights are more prescriptive than operational, while development projects have focused on implementation and are more programmatic in nature.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- In order to cooperate towards ensuring the availability of sustainable international funding for health as required by the right to health, States should pool funds for health internationally. International cooperation in the form of a single global pool or multiple coordinated pools would facilitate the cross-subsidization of health systems in developing States and allow for the coordination of donor activities in recipient States. International cooperation in the form of global pooling of funds for health is critically needed at this time in order to meet the global disease burden and promote the development of sustainable domestic health systems.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Social health insurance programmes must be funded through compulsory contributions in the form of prepayments in order to achieve universal access to good quality health facilities, goods and services and robust cross-subsidization of financial and health risks. Voluntary contribution schemes may help raise funds in the absence of widespread payment and pooling, familiarize individuals with the benefits of insurance, and serve as an intermediate funding mechanism that eases the transition towards a more inclusive compulsory contribution scheme, but they do not necessarily increase rates of insurance coverage because enrolment is not compulsory. In contrast to a system of voluntary contributions, compulsory contribution schemes prevent wealthy and healthy members from opting out of the programme and diluting the size of the pool at the expense of poorer and sick members. Compulsory schemes also prohibit individuals from buying into the programme only during times of medical need. While voluntary contributions may help raise funds in the absence of widespread payment and pooling, familiarize individuals with the benefits of insurance, and serve as an intermediate funding mechanism that eases the transition towards a more inclusive compulsory contribution scheme, they do not necessarily increase rates of insurance coverage because enrolment is not compulsory. Voluntary schemes are thus ineffective in increasing access to health facilities, goods and services for the poor because they do not generate large enough pools to facilitate robust cross-subsidization.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- International tax competition has proliferated as a result of globalization and the increasing mobility of capital and its corresponding elasticity in response to taxation. Tax competition triggers a race to the bottom, wherein States attempt to attract foreign direct investment through tax incentives and other tax abatements for foreign investors and low or non-existent trade and capital gains taxes. Tax competition reduces tax revenue in developing States and weakens their ability to raise sufficient funds to finance health. In some developing countries, revenue lost from tax incentives amounted to nearly twice the budget for health. High-income States have also experienced diminished tax revenue from taxation of capital income as a result of tax liberalization in developing States. Multinational corporations have shifted their assets offshore to take advantage of tax havens and engaged in transfer pricing in order to claim profits in low-tax jurisdictions and avoid paying higher taxes in the States in which they are domiciled.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- International donors tend to focus on short-term interventions addressing specific health issues without adequate focus on strengthening health systems. In some States, this has resulted in an overdependence on international funding and the underdevelopment of domestic health systems, many of which are incapable of meeting even basic health needs in the absence of international assistance. Moreover, States that have become overdependent on international funding for health may be less likely to prioritize health in their budgets, which is critical to the long-term sustainability of domestic health systems.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Social health insurance programmes often rely on compulsory wage-based contributions, which may fail to identify and include those whose incomes are not formally reported or easily assessed, such as informal workers, self-employed persons and workers in rural and remote areas. For example, informal workers who may qualify for absolute exemptions or reduced contributions are difficult or impossible to identify through compulsory wage-based social health insurance programmes and thus may not be enrolled in these programmes. Such individuals may be unable to access good quality health facilities, goods and services owing to unaffordable out-of-pocket payments. Under the right to health approach, States should use innovative strategies to include the informal sector in social health insurance programmes. For example, associational taxes, in which an association representing a particular group of workers collects funds and pays into the tax system, have been shown to increase the participation of informal sector employees in formal benefits programmes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Occupational health 2012, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- Informal work and workplaces do not fall under the purview of existing national occupational health laws therefore the employer-employee relationship in the informal economy goes unregulated. States have an obligation to fulfil workers' right to health through direct occupational health interventions in the informal economy. In some instances, this may require formalization through the introduction or extension of occupational health regulations into the informal economy. The ILO and other organizations have attempted to address the occupational health vulnerability of informal workers by implementing programmes in coordination with national governments aimed at reaching informal workers. These include the integration of occupational health services into primary health-care services; participatory health and safety training programmes for informal street vendors initiated by local governments and various efforts to extend social health insurance coverage in the informal sector. A number of interventions tailored to the needs of specific industries have also been implemented.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Occupational health 2012, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- More research about the informal economy and informal workforce is needed at the local and national levels. The lack of disaggregated data, in particular, prevents States from understanding the demographic landscape of the informal economy and the particular vulnerabilities faced by informal workers. States must systematically engage informal workers in order to effectively conduct human rights and health impact assessments and risk surveillance, with a view to identifying and controlling known risks, as well as epidemiological and disease surveillance to detect and manage disease and prevent long term risks.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- States are obliged to utilize the maximum available resources towards the realization of economic social and cultural rights, including the right to health. An aspect of this obligation is that the right to health is progressively realizable. However, due to the destruction or diversion of resources to military or police needs, conflicts often reduce the availability of resources which may, at times, be detrimental to the right to health. Even where resources are available, States may not be able to make use of them due to the insecurity and poor infrastructure in many conflict environments.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Occupational health 2012, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- States have a direct obligation to provide workers in the informal economy with remedies for violations of their right to occupational health. Violations of the right to health subject to direct State remediation include the failure of the State to implement components of the right to occupational health and claims arising from prior State commitments to implement the right. For example, if States fail to implement components of the right to occupational health, such as the inclusion of informal workers in the national occupational health policy, an appropriate remedy would be to reformulate the policy to address the occupational health of informal workers. Alternatively, if States have established a national social health insurance scheme covering workers in the informal economy, informal workers must have a private right of action to ensure that they are covered and that they receive appropriate benefits under the scheme.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Right to health in conflict situations 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Nonetheless, there is currently a gap in the delineation of the human rights responsibilities of non-State armed groups and in mechanisms for holding them accountable, other than criminal prosecutions. In this respect, the obligation of the State to facilitate the discharge of right to health responsibilities by all sections of society becomes particularly important. States, civil society and international organizations have successfully facilitated agreements on human rights and humanitarian issues with non-State armed groups, including agreements to provide "days of tranquillity" for health workers to safely provide vaccinations. States should adopt, support and expand these initiatives to protect and fulfil the right to health in conflict and minimize the impact of conflict on vulnerable groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- National plans should also include principles of non-discrimination, transparency and participation. Participation of all stakeholders, including vulnerable groups, in health-related decision-making is the cornerstone of the right-to-health framework. Participation provides individuals with an opportunity whereby they can advance their health rights. It is through participation and empowerment that individuals, patient groups and communities can claim their right to health and achieve improvements in accessing such essential medicines.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Investing in local production as a long-term strategy holds the promise of improving medicines security in developing countries. Fulfilling this goal would require, inter alia, a coherent policy framework that explicitly links local production to improved access to medicines and is backed by strong political commitment. The Special Rapporteur notes with satisfaction that in this respect a regional plan of action was drawn up for local production of essential medicines aiming to promote access to medicines in the east African region by the East African Community.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health 2014, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- TNCs that manufacture and sell processed foods are making their presence felt globally by reaching consumer groups, which transcend national boundaries through FDI and international trade agreements, thus impacting on the health of transboundary populations. Recognizing this, States need to bring these companies within their regulatory framework. States may impose health-related conditions on investments by TNCs and require them to adhere to domestic standards on nutrition, advertisement and marketing. For instance, States may condition investments by foreign retail chains on a requirement to make available healthy foods in their stores.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In decentralized systems, however, poor financial and procurement capacities combined with weak governance present challenges which has even led to different prices in different regions of the same country. Decentralized systems also pose challenges for bulk procurement, which is routinely used in public procurement systems around the world. While decentralized procurement has the advantage of increasing local level accountability, it is susceptible to fragmentation, which causes duplication of procurement and negatively impacts coordinated negotiations, resulting in less favourable contract terms for governments. To maintain purchase volumes, some States have adopted systems to centrally negotiate prices while requiring lower levels of government to order their requirements through the successful bidder at the price negotiated at the central level. The Special Rapporteur recommends streamlining guidelines at the national level to ensure better coordination and efficient decentralized procurement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Although what constitutes available resources will differ by context, the term requires elaboration in order to guide States and assist adjudicators in deciding whether the amount of available resources proffered by States is acceptable. Even if adjudicators do not give directions with regard to the allocation and use of resources, they should closely scrutinize the State's view of the amount of maximum resources available to them, given that it is the Government's burden to demonstrate that the amount of its available resources does not permit the fulfilment of some State obligations. This may require adjudicators to scrutinize the budget to determine whether the allocation to the health sector or to a particular health goal is inadequate. A State's decreasing budgetary allocation for its right to health obligations vis-à-vis its increasing gross domestic product or increasing allocation to areas other than those relating to human rights may be evidence that the State has chosen not to allocate available resources to fulfil that right, which may evidence a breach of its progressively realizable obligations. Adjudicators should also inquire as to whether the State has sufficiently exerted itself in obtaining international aid or developing societal resources to expand the amount of resources available. States should be obliged to provide information regarding the calculation of their available resources, budget allocations and efforts to increase the available resources in an open and transparent manner to facilitate a full and fair review by the adjudicator.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Monitoring is critical for the full implementation of complex judgements. The writ of continuing mandamus has been used by the Supreme Court of India to provide continuous judicial oversight of agencies when a traditional writ of mandamus could not overcome agency inertia. The Constitutional Court of Colombia developed a special monitoring chamber to oversee the implementation of T-760/08 and devoted a section of its website to all the orders enforcing the judgement. To maximize implementation, monitoring by the court should be done in conjunction with public participation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is pleased to note that some States are already challenging the inequities of the current investor-State dispute settlement regime. For example, Ecuador amended its Constitution to prohibit entry into instruments that waive its sovereign jurisdiction in the arbitration of disputes with private individuals or corporations. Consequently, the country withdrew from the Convention on the Settlement of Disputes between States and Nationals of Other States, followed by the Plurinational State of Bolivia and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health 2014, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Political commitment towards diet-related NCDs at the international level has so far been weak. NCDs have traditionally not been given importance in international policies, including the Millennium Development Goals. International aid agencies providing health-related assistance to low- and middle-income countries have not sufficiently prioritized NCDs there. Only recently have international and regional organizations shifted their focus and called upon Governments, the private sector and non-governmental organizations to come together to take steps towards prevention of NCDs across regions. In formulating the post-2015 development agenda, States have commendably shown unprecedented political will to address the reduction and prevention of NCDs, and Governments have been urged to reduce the burden of NCDs by 2025. There is increasing recognition among Governments of the link between unhealthy diets and NCDs and the challenges they pose for development (A/RES/66/2).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Accountability can also be ensured through indicators, benchmarks and targets against which the performance of State and non-State actors in achieving goals to reduce risk and prevalence of NCDs can be monitored and evaluated. As multiple agencies of the State may be involved in regulating activities of the food industry and the provision of nutritious food, information outlining their individual and joint efforts towards attaining the set benchmarks should be made public. Making information available to the public and independent monitoring bodies will enable them to assess the activities of the food industry and their compliance with domestic marketing, labelling and nutrition standards and laws. States should also encourage monitoring of other non-State actors such as private schools and broadcasting agencies to review their policy vis-à-vis the food industry. Review and evaluation of actions taken and standards adopted by States and non-State actors to ensure the sale and availability of nutritious foods comprise the accountability framework.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The implementation of evidence-based medicine and public health science is often hindered by the departure from such evidence, resulting in unbalanced and selective policies and practices that hamper the full realization of human rights, including the right to health. One way to analyse the challenges to and opportunities for the effective realization of right to health is to focus on the need to balance the important elements of the right and to prevent tendencies and incentives which lead to power asymmetries and unfair policies and practices.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- A recent example of the detrimental effect of inequalities has been the Ebola epidemic in countries of Western Africa with weak health-care systems which were not able to adequately respond. One of the lessons learned from that and other epidemics is the importance of social medicine which, since the nineteenth century has highlighted that many diseases and epidemics are social diseases in their origin; therefore, primary prevention should properly address the social determinants of health and the context in which epidemics emerge.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that adopted indicators are relevant to human rights in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals and capture the availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of health care and underlying determinants of health. Participatory governance mechanisms should be in place for disaggregated data collection and analysis, and there must be effective communication of data to decision makers and the population more generally. States should also use innovative methodologies to deal with the challenges of sample sizes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Work of the mandate and priorities of the SR 2015, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- During the past 12 years, the work of the mandate has also paid special attention to two other key elements of the analytical right-to-health framework: monitoring and accountability. Without monitoring and accountability, all human rights norms and obligations are likely to become empty promises. Accountability in respect of the right to health and a health system is often quite weak (see A/63/263). Judicial accountability has been highlighted by the work of the mandate (see A/69/299) but other forms of accountability, such as health impact assessments, have also been addressed, including during country visits (Romania, Sweden and Uganda).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- N.A.
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Moving towards universal health coverage requires long-term progressive realization of the right to health that engages work across many sectors at the local, national, and international levels. The World Health Organization Consultative Group on Equity and Universal Health Coverage has proposed a three-part strategy for countries to progressively realize universal health coverage consistent with equity principles and the right to health. This includes prioritizing the worst off, expanding coverage to everyone and reducing out-of-pocket payments, all while ensuring that disadvantaged groups are not left behind.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- All
- N.A.
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo