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The role and activities of national institutional mechanisms in promoting and protecting minority rights 2012, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- The National Council for Cooperation on Ethnic and Integration Issues of Bulgaria is headed by the Deputy Prime Minister. It coordinates State programmes and policies relating to ethnic minorities and monitors implementation of integration policies, in consultation with all relevant stakeholders. Non-governmental organizations representing minorities, including Roma, are members. The High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue of the Government of Portugal, within the Ministry of the Presidency of the Council of Ministries, has a specific mandate to address minority rights and a specialist office for support to Roma people.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2012
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The phenomenon of minority language decline constitutes an urgent global challenge. The UNESCO Endangered Languages Programme warns that half of the world’s estimated 6,000 plus languages will likely die out by the end of the century. In some cases significant and urgent efforts are required to protect both the communities and their language heritage. The decline in numbers of language speakers may be due to a combination of factors, including the result of processes of cultural dilution through inter-ethnic marriage, voluntary relocation and decline in community numbers. However, some groups are vulnerable to factors beyond their control, such as policies of assimilation that promote dominant national or official languages, the impact of conflict, or forced displacement from their traditional lands. Some countries have aggressively promoted a single national language as a means of reinforcing sovereignty, national unity and territorial integrity.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities also contains extensive provisions for the protection of the rights of linguistic minorities and minority languages. Articles 5 and 9 to 14 address the responsibilities of the State in, inter alia, the fields of minority language use in public and private spheres, provision of information and engagement with administrative authorities in minority languages, the media, minority languages in education and the right of minorities to establish private educational institutions, the use of names, signs and public information in minority languages, and the use of minority languages in the legal and judicial realm. Despite strong regional standards, implementation continues to be poor in many countries.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- More than 3,000 languages are reportedly spoken by fewer than 10,000 people each. Some smaller minority communities with distinct languages are considered to be in danger of disappearing completely as distinct linguistic groups due to such factors as resettlement, displacement, conflict, assimilation, cultural dilution, environmental factors and loss of land. While over 20 languages are spoken in Cambodia, UNESCO has warned that 19 Cambodian languages are at risk of extinction over the coming decades. These are not isolated examples, and further research is required globally to enable effective policy responses to protect the existence of linguistic minorities and preserve their language, cultures and traditions for future generations.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Some States assign official status to minority languages that may be historically present or are used by a significant proportion of the population, while others establish broader constitutional and legal protection of all languages present in the State. Some States with diverse linguistic communities have adopted specific laws on the use of minority languages. There is a strong legal and symbolic significance to such constitutional and legal recognition, which sends a positive message to minority communities that their language rights will be protected. Where there is no explicit legal recognition there may nevertheless be broader administrative recognition and policy relating to the use of minority languages that provide assurance and practical measures relating to language use, for example, where a linguistic minority is geographically concentrated.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Minority languages are declining at a worrying rate in all regions. In some cases that decline reflects a process of language loss which is almost irreversible, due to factors such as globalization and processes of assimilation and cultural dilution. However, in many cases, the disappearance of minority languages is a failure of protection of the rights of minority communities who wish to maintain their languages, as well as a tragedy for a nation’s cultural and linguistic heritage and diversity. Long-term data collection and analysis helps to reveal the relative health of minority languages and the growth or decline of language use and is essential for the preservation of some threatened languages.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- While resources available to a State are a factor, Governments must nevertheless fulfil their obligations to the best of their ability for all linguistic minorities. Numerous cost-effective methods are available to fulfil language rights, including translation of key information, web-based resources targeted at minorities, and policies of promoting training of minorities and their recruitment at national and local levels in public institutions. The use of minority mediators is a positive practice utilized by some States to improve communication with minorities. It may also be appropriate to encourage and facilitate cross-border cooperation, for example where a linguistic minority has a neighbouring or kin State with a shared language tradition.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The ability of minorities to engage institutions and administrative bodies in minority languages ensures that they are able to express their views, participate in consultative processes and influence national policy that affects them and the regions where they live. Where linguistic minorities face language barriers to their interaction with authorities their right to participate fully in public life, as required by the 1992 Declaration on Minorities, may be limited. Some States have population percentage thresholds above which minorities may use minority languages in official interactions with government officials and bodies and qualify for other entitlements relating to languages. These should, however, be set at levels that are not restrictive, and flexibility in approaches is preferable. Where significant minority populations are concentrated it is particularly appropriate to ensure that they have opportunities to use their languages in communication with administrative bodies and authorities, but consideration should also be given to the needs of smaller or dispersed language groups that may face unique challenges.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Nevertheless, a reasonable degree of accommodation of smaller and lesser-used languages should be provided. Modalities to support small or dispersed linguistic communities must be considered and can include support for informal language classes within or outside the public education structures and ensuring consultation with cultural associations representing linguistic minorities to assess and respond to specific needs. Factors such as voluntary and forced migration, conflict, climate change, and the opening of borders, for example across the Europe Union member States, are creating ever more diverse ethnic and linguistic societies in which language rights and needs must be taken into account.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (1998) (see E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2) are based upon existing international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as analogous refugee law, and are intended to serve as the international standard guiding States, international organizations and other relevant actors in providing assistance and protection to internally displaced persons. Principle 6.2 stipulates that "the prohibition of arbitrary displacement includes displacement: (a) when it is based on policies of apartheid, ethnic cleansing, or similar practices aimed at/or resulting in altering the ethnic, religious or racial composition of the affected population". Principle 9 further stipulates that "States are under a particular obligation to protect against the displacement of indigenous peoples, minorities, peasants, pastoralists and other groups with a special dependency on and attachment to their lands".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Additionally, the Special Rapporteur has repeatedly called attention to minority groups that have been in particularly precarious legal situations owing to their lack of citizenship or the refusal of their respective countries to recognize and grant them rights as minorities. She has sent several communications to Member States where discriminatory legislative amendments, immigration reforms and other administrative decisions have placed minority communities at further risk.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- While all former prisoners face stigma and challenges to successful reintegration within society, minorities may have particular difficulty in this regard. States should have specially adapted reintegration plans for vulnerable groups and ensure that laws that permanently deprive convicted persons of the right to vote do not have a disproportionate impact on minority groups.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 103
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure free professional translation for minority accused who are not fluent in the language used in court, and should allow those persons to use the minority language. States should further consider recognizing the right of members of minorities with significant population or historical ties, whether nationally or locally, to have the proceedings conducted in their own language.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, displacement of minority communities continued unabated in 2014 and 2015. In Iraq, visited by the Special Rapporteur in February 2016, the Yezidi minority have been targeted on the basis of their identity by the Islamic State, and forced to flee their homes, in particular in Sinjar, Northern Iraq. Other Iraqi minority communities, including Christians, Turkmen, and certain Sunni Arab tribes, have also been particularly exposed to attacks by members of the Islamic State.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- On the one hand, the disadvantage experienced by minorities in terms of accessing humanitarian relief in crisis is often explained by existing logistical limitations. In crisis and conflict situations, humanitarian assistance may be concentrated in capital cities and/or in a small number of very large, officially recognized refugee or internally displaced persons camps, with very little reaching the periphery where minority and vulnerable populations may reside.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- In the regional context, protection of the rights of linguistic minorities via regional standards is well developed in Europe. The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages provides principles and objectives upon which States parties must base their policies, legislation and practice relating to regional or minority languages. It also provides a series of concrete undertakings relating to specific areas relevant to minority language use, including education, engagement with judicial and administrative authorities, access to public services, media, cultural activities and facilities, economic and social life, and cross-border exchanges. The Charter has been ratified by 25 States and signed by another 8 States. A committee of experts monitors its implementation in each State and makes recommendations for improvements in legislation, policy and practice.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Historical factors such as colonialism have had a huge global impact on languages, resulting in the marginalization of indigenous and minority languages and a rapid decline in their use. The introduction of colonial languages in Africa, Asia and the Americas initiated the marginalization of native and minority languages. Colonial languages were promoted in education, administration, political life and communications. Minority and indigenous languages were often seen as backwards, a barrier to colonial hegemony, or as slowing national development. It can also be argued that today globalization is having a direct and detrimental impact on minority languages and linguistic diversity, as global communications and marketplaces require global understanding.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Some persons belonging to minorities may face particular challenges in learning the national language, including the elderly and those who have not attended education in their country of residence, those with low incomes, the relatively newly arrived, and in some cases women. For them, the ability to engage administrative authorities and receive information and documents in their language can be essential to their ability to comply with administrative requirements and to benefit from administrative and social assistance to which they are entitled. Where larger and established minority language communities exist in a country, it is necessary to ensure to the fullest extent possible that public institutions in all relevant regions are equipped to handle interactions in minority languages if required.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The lack of domestic legal protection for minority languages in many regions remains a major concern. Legal recognition and legislative protection of minority languages create legal safeguards and a requirement for policy and programme measures to address the issues of linguistic minorities, and often result in institutional attention. Lack of such recognition and legal protections results in an environment where there is little or no formal legal commitment to promoting and protecting minority languages or the rights of linguistic minorities other than those required by international law. In such situations, minority languages may remain largely in the private domain in terms of language use, transmission and education. Frequently, even where minority languages are officially recognized and legal provisions exist this does not result in implementation of rights in practice.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Minorities have reported barriers to their recruitment and continuing employment in the public or government sectors, for example in situations in which the official national language has changed, such as in some countries of the former Soviet Union that gained independence in the 1990s. Even in cases where minorities are proficient in the national language, examples of discrimination against non-native speakers have been reported. In some countries, following conflict or occupation, for example, minorities and returnee communities report that restrictions are placed on their access to employment, and that jobs they previously held are given only to the dominant or majority ethnic and linguistic community. There should be equal access to public sector employment for members of all linguistic communities. In some circumstances evidence suggests that minorities have left their country of residence to return to kin States on the basis of real or perceived restrictions to their opportunities for employment and participation in public life due to language and nationality factors.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Minorities in the criminal justice system 2015, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Many Governments are reluctant to collect data disaggregated by national origin, ethnicity, religion or language, citing privacy concerns or a history of the abuse of such information for the purpose of targeting minorities for persecution, or they may fear that data could be misused. The Special Rapporteur notes that there are compelling reasons for favouring the collection of disaggregated data. A recent study suggests that many ethnic or racial minorities would like to become visible through data if this would allow authorities to create effective policies for correcting the inequalities in society.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- There is sometimes a direct causal link between belonging to a minority group and being affected by a humanitarian crisis. Indeed, belonging to a minority group can be a direct factor leading to displacement in the context of conflict. As has been observed by OHCHR, the "lack of respect for, lack of protection and lack of fulfilment of the rights of minorities may be at least a contributing factor if not the primary cause of displacement and may in the worst cases - even lead to the extinction of such communities. The displacement of minorities can thus serve as an indicator of the degree to which their rights are respected, protected and fulfilled in the country from which they are displaced."
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Minorities may also experience particular restrictions on their freedom of movement during conflict and humanitarian crises, including more frequent stops or because of their identity even being blocked at border and checkpoints when attempting to flee conflicts, as well as intimidation, discrimination or even violence against them when trying to flee. For example, it has been well documented that sub-Saharan African migrants and asylum seekers, seeking to transit through countries in North Africa en route to Europe have been particularly targeted on account of their race, and suffered violence. In some instances, minorities seeking asylum status may be arbitrarily detained and forcefully deported to their home countries without adequate assessment of their asylum claims and/or may encounter particular obstacles to be registered as asylum seekers based on their minority characteristics.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- To this end, the collection of data disaggregated by ethnicity, religion and language is essential to adequately map affected groups in humanitarian crises and natural disasters. Data collection programmes should allow for diverse forms of self-identification and comply with international standards regarding the right to privacy. Furthermore, national authorities should collect and share data on all causes of displacement in their country. Equality and anti discrimination laws and legal protection of minorities, and other potentially vulnerable groups should be in place and include provisions relating to the prohibition of unlawful displacement.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- In terms of return or repatriation, minorities may face particular obstacles, if they fled owing to violence perpetrated against them because of their minority status and the root conditions of that violence have not been resolved. Minorities may also be reluctant or unable to return home where, upon returning to their place of origin or habitual residence they have become even more marginalized because the conflict or disaster has for instance changed the demographics of an area. Furthermore, return or repatriation is often more difficult for those who have no land to return to, which may often be the case for marginalized minorities who may not have security of tenure over their lands.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minorities in situations of humanitarian crises 2016, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- Although the resettlement of refugees to third countries from refugee camps makes up only a very small percentage of all durable solutions, there is also the worrying concern that certain ethnic or national minorities are routinely excluded from such programmes.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Minority rights-based approaches to the protection and promotion of the rights of religious minorities 2013, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Religious minorities should consider strategies for constructive resilience in the face of persecution and project a positive role in their rehabilitation as equals in society where possible. This does not absolve States of their responsibility, but can nevertheless precipitate positive social developments in society at large. Indeed, Governments should lead by example by adopting measures, including affirmative action measures where necessary, to ensure that public employers reflect the religious diversity in society.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Reflections on the six-year tenure of the Special Rapporteur 2017, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Following her thematic study on the rights of linguistic minorities, the Special Rapporteur produced the handbook "Language rights of linguistic minorities: a practical guide for implementation", which is available in all six official languages of the United Nations on the mandate's website. This linguistic guide aims to serve as a practical tool to assist policymakers and right holders to have a better understanding of linguistic rights as well as to provide best practices that could be replicated in different contexts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2017
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- In the following sections, the Independent Expert considers specific concerns relating to linguistic minorities and minority languages. They are not exhaustive and not all issues are present in all regions. They provide an overview of some of the many issues that the Independent Expert intends to consult further on in order to develop her understanding of global concerns and regional trends.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo
Rights of linguistic minorities 2013, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The following discussion provides an overview of linguistic minority issues globally and the challenges that confront both linguistic minorities and States seeking to manage linguistically diverse societies. The report is based on information provided to the Independent Expert by minorities, Governments, NGOs, academic bodies, United Nations specialized agencies and other stakeholders; information provided in the course of country visits; and statements made to the Forum on Minority Issues.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on minority issues
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Año
- 2013
Párrafo