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CEDAW - Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- 2. The betrothal and the marriage of a child shall have no legal effect, and all necessary action, including legislation, shall be taken to specify a minimum age for marriage and to make the registration of marriages in an official registry compulsory.
- Organismo
- United Nations General Assembly
- Tipo de documento
- International treaty
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 1979
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. (a) ii
- Paragraph text
- [Recommends to States parties:] That States parties take appropriate and effective measures with a view to eradicating the practice of female circumcision. Such measures could include: The support of women's organizations at the national and local levels working for the elimination of female circumcision and other practices harmful to women;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. (a) i
- Paragraph text
- [Recommends to States parties:] That States parties take appropriate and effective measures with a view to eradicating the practice of female circumcision. Such measures could include: The collection and dissemination by universities, medical or nursing associations, national women's organizations or other bodies of basic data about such traditional practices;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. (d)
- Paragraph text
- [Recommends to States parties:] That States parties include in their reports to the Committee under articles 10 and 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women information about measures taken to eliminate female circumcision.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. (a) iii
- Paragraph text
- [Recommends to States parties:] That States parties take appropriate and effective measures with a view to eradicating the practice of female circumcision. Such measures could include: The encouragement of politicians, professionals, religious and community leaders at all levels including the media and the arts to cooperate in influencing attitudes towards the eradication of female circumcision;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. (c)
- Paragraph text
- [Recommends to States parties:] That States parties invite assistance, information and advice from the appropriate organizations of the United Nations system to support and assist efforts being deployed to eliminate harmful traditional practices;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. 3
- Paragraph text
- Noting with interest the study of the Special Rapporteur on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children, as well as the study of the Special Working Group on Traditional Practices,
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- Noting with satisfaction that Governments, where such practices exist, national women's organizations, non-governmental organizations, specialized agencies, such as the World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, as well as the Commission on Human Rights and its Submission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities, remain seized of the issue having particularly recognized that such traditional practices as female circumcision have serious health and other consequences for women and children,
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Convinced that the important action that is being taken by women and by all interested groups needs to be supported and encouraged by Governments,
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Female circumcision 1990, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Concerned about the continuation of the practice of female circumcision and other traditional practices harmful to the health of women,
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1990
Párrafo
Violence against women 1992, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- In some States there are traditional practices perpetuated by culture and tradition that are harmful to the health of women and children. These practices include dietary restrictions for pregnant women, preference for male children and female circumcision or genital mutilation.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Women
- Año
- 1992
Párrafo
Violence against women 1992, para. 24l
- Paragraph text
- [In light of these comments, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women recommends:] States parties should take measures to overcome such practices and should take account of the Committee's recommendation on female circumcision (recommendation No. 14) in reporting on health issues;
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1992
Párrafo
Violence against women 1992, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Traditional attitudes by which women are regarded as subordinate to men or as having stereotyped roles perpetuate widespread practices involving violence or coercion, such as family violence and abuse, forced marriage, dowry deaths, acid attacks and female circumcision. Such prejudices and practices may justify gender-based violence as a form of protection or control of women. The effect of such violence on the physical and mental integrity of women is to deprive them of the equal enjoyment, exercise and knowledge of human rights and fundamental freedoms. While this comment addresses mainly actual or threatened violence the underlying consequences of these forms of gender-based violence help to maintain women in subordinate roles and contribute to their low level of political participation and to their lower level of education, skills and work opportunities.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 1992
Párrafo
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- States parties' reports also disclose that polygamy is practised in a number of countries. Polygamous marriage contravenes a woman's right to equality with men, and can have such serious emotional and financial consequences for her and her dependants that such marriages ought to be discouraged and prohibited. The Committee notes with concern that some States parties, whose constitutions guarantee equal rights, permit polygamous marriage in accordance with personal or customary law. This violates the constitutional rights of women, and breaches the provisions of article 5 (a) of the Convention.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 1994, para. 7.4
- Paragraph text
- Governments and communities should urgently take steps to stop the practice of female genital mutilation and protect women and girls from all such similar unnecessary and dangerous practices. Steps to eliminate the practice should include strong community outreach programmes involving village and religious leaders, education and counselling about its impact on girls' and women's health, and appropriate treatment and rehabilitation for girls and women who have suffered mutilation. Services should include counselling for women and men to discourage the practice.
- Organismo
- International Conference on Population and Development
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- An examination of States parties' reports discloses that many countries in their legal systems provide for the rights and responsibilities of married partners by relying on the application of common law principles, religious or customary law, rather than by complying with the principles contained in the Convention. These variations in law and practice relating to marriage have wide-ranging consequences for women, invariably restricting their rights to equal status and responsibility within marriage. Such limitations often result in the husband being accorded the status of head of household and primary decision maker and therefore contravene the provisions of the Convention.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- In the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights, held at Vienna from 14 to 25 June 1993, States are urged to repeal existing laws and regulations and to remove customs and practices which discriminate against and cause harm to the girl child. Article 16 (2) and the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child preclude States parties from permitting or giving validity to a marriage between persons who have not attained their majority. In the context of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, "a child means every human being below the age of 18 years unless, under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier". Notwithstanding this definition, and bearing in mind the provisions of the Vienna Declaration, the Committee considers that the minimum age for marriage should be 18 years for both man and woman. When men and women marry, they assume important responsibilities. Consequently, marriage should not be permitted before they have attained full maturity and capacity to act. According to the World Health Organization, when minors, particularly girls, marry and have children, their health can be adversely affected and their education is impeded. As a result their economic autonomy is restricted.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Equality in marriage and family relations 1994, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Many of these countries hold a belief in the patriarchal structure of a family which places a father, husband or son in a favourable position. In some countries where fundamentalist or other extremist views or economic hardships have encouraged a return to old values and traditions, women's place in the family has deteriorated sharply. In others, where it has been recognized that a modern society depends for its economic advance and for the general good of the community on involving all adults equally, regardless of gender, these taboos and reactionary or extremist ideas have progressively been discouraged.
- Organismo
- Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women
- Tipo de documento
- General Comment / Recommendation
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 1994, para. 12.13
- Paragraph text
- Research on sexuality and gender roles and relationships in different cultural settings is urgently needed, with emphasis on such areas as abuse, discrimination and violence against women; genital mutilation, where practised; sexual behaviour and mores; male attitudes towards sexuality and procreation, fertility, family and gender roles; risk-taking behaviour regarding sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies; women's and men's perceived needs for methods for regulation of fertility and sexual health services; and reasons for non-use or ineffective use of existing services and technologies.
- Organismo
- International Conference on Population and Development
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development 1994, para. 7.35
- Paragraph text
- Violence against women, particularly domestic violence and rape, is widespread, and rising numbers of women are at risk from AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases as a result of high-risk sexual behaviour on the part of their partners. In a number of countries, harmful practices meant to control women's sexuality have led to great suffering. Among them is the practice of female genital mutilation, which is a violation of basic rights and a major lifelong risk to women's health.
- Organismo
- International Conference on Population and Development
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1994
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- Discrimination against girls, often resulting from son preference, in access to nutrition and health-care services endangers their current and future health and well-being. Conditions that force girls into early marriage, pregnancy and child-bearing and subject them to harmful practices, such as female genital mutilation, pose grave health risks. Adolescent girls need, but too often do not have, access to necessary health and nutrition services as they mature. Counselling and access to sexual and reproductive health information and services for adolescents are still inadequate or lacking completely, and a young woman's right to privacy, confidentiality, respect and informed consent is often not considered. Adolescent girls are both biologically and psychosocially more vulnerable than boys to sexual abuse, violence and prostitution, and to the consequences of unprotected and premature sexual relations. The trend towards early sexual experience, combined with a lack of information and services, increases the risk of unwanted and too early pregnancy, HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases, as well as unsafe abortions. Early child-bearing continues to be an impediment to improvements in the educational, economic and social status of women in all parts of the world. Overall, for young women early marriage and early motherhood can severely curtail educational and employment opportunities and are likely to have a long-term, adverse impact on the quality of their lives and the lives of their children. Young men are often not educated to respect women's self-determination and to share responsibility with women in matters of sexuality and reproduction.
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Adolescents
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 124i
- Paragraph text
- [By Governments:] Enact and enforce legislation against the perpetrators of practices and acts of violence against women, such as female genital mutilation, female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and dowry-related violence, and give vigorous support to the efforts of non-governmental and community organizations to eliminate such practices;
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- The girl child of today is the woman of tomorrow. The skills, ideas and energy of the girl child are vital for full attainment of the goals of equality, development and peace. For the girl child to develop her full potential she needs to be nurtured in an enabling environment, where her spiritual, intellectual and material needs for survival, protection and development are met and her equal rights safeguarded. If women are to be equal partners with men, in every aspect of life and development, now is the time to recognize the human dignity and worth of the girl child and to ensure the full enjoyment of her human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights assured by the Convention on the Rights of the Child, universal ratification of which is strongly urged. Yet there exists worldwide evidence that discrimination and violence against girls begin at the earliest stages of life and continue unabated throughout their lives. They often have less access to nutrition, physical and mental health care and education and enjoy fewer rights, opportunities and benefits of childhood and adolescence than do boys. They are often subjected to various forms of sexual and economic exploitation, paedophilia, forced prostitution and possibly the sale of their organs and tissues, violence and harmful practices such as female infanticide and prenatal sex selection, incest, female genital mutilation and early marriage, including child marriage.
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 232h
- Paragraph text
- [By Governments:] Prohibit female genital mutilation wherever it exists and give vigorous support to efforts among non-governmental and community organizations and religious institutions to eliminate such practices;
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 107a
- Paragraph text
- [By Governments, in cooperation with non-governmental organizations, the mass media, the private sector and relevant international organizations, including United Nations bodies, as appropriate:] Give priority to both formal and informal educational programmes that support and enable women to develop self-esteem, acquire knowledge, make decisions on and take responsibility for their own health, achieve mutual respect in matters concerning sexuality and fertility and educate men regarding the importance of women's health and well-being, placing special focus on programmes for both men and women that emphasize the elimination of harmful attitudes and practices, including female genital mutilation, son preference (which results in female infanticide and prenatal sex selection), early marriage, including child marriage, violence against women, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, which at times is conducive to infection with HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases, drug abuse, discrimination against girls and women in food allocation and other harmful attitudes and practices related to the life, health and well-being of women, and recognizing that some of these practices can be violations of human rights and ethical medical principles;
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Education
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action 1995, para. 259
- Paragraph text
- The Convention on the Rights of the Child recognizes that "States Parties shall respect and ensure the rights set forth in the present Convention to each child within their jurisdiction without discrimination of any kind, irrespective of the child's or his or her parent's or legal guardian's race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or status" (art. 2, para. 1). However, in many countries available indicators show that the girl child is discriminated against from the earliest stages of life, through her childhood and into adulthood. In some areas of the world, men outnumber women by 5 in every 100. The reasons for the discrepancy include, among other things, harmful attitudes and practices, such as female genital mutilation, son preference - which results in female infanticide and prenatal sex selection - early marriage, including child marriage, violence against women, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, discrimination against girls in food allocation and other practices related to health and well-being. As a result, fewer girls than boys survive into adulthood.
- Organismo
- Fourth World Conference on Women
- Tipo de documento
- Declaration / Confererence outcome document
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1995
Párrafo
Elimination of violence against women 1996, para. 7e
- Paragraph text
- [Stresses the conclusions and recommendations of the Special Rapporteur that States have an affirmative duty to promote and protect the human rights of women and must exercise due diligence to prevent violence against women, including violence against women in the family, and calls on States:] To enact and enforce legislation against the perpetrators of practices and acts of violence against women, such as female genital mutilation, female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and dowry-related violence, and give vigorous support to the efforts of non-governmental and community organizations to eliminate such practices;
- Organismo
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights
- Tipo de documento
- Resolution
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Women
- Año
- 1996
Párrafo
Elimination of violence against women 1996, para. 7i
- Paragraph text
- [Stresses the conclusions and recommendations of the Special Rapporteur that States have an affirmative duty to promote and protect the human rights of women and must exercise due diligence to prevent violence against women, including violence against women in the family, and calls on States:] To enact and enforce legislation protecting girls from all forms of violence, including female infanticide and prenatal sex selection, genital mutilation, incest, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, child prostitution and child pornography;
- Organismo
- United Nations Commission on Human Rights
- Tipo de documento
- Resolution
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1996
Párrafo
Traditional or customary practices affecting the health of women and girls 1997, para. 1f
- Paragraph text
- [Recalling:] The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action, adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women, which, inter alia, call upon Governments to enact and enforce legislation against the perpetrators of practices and acts of violence against women, such as female genital mutilation, female infanticide, prenatal sex selection and dowry-related violence, and to give vigorous support to the efforts of non-governmental and community organizations to eliminate such practices,
- Organismo
- United Nations General Assembly
- Tipo de documento
- Resolution
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1997
Párrafo
Traditional or customary practices affecting the health of women and girls 1997, para. 3b
- Paragraph text
- [Calls upon all States:] To ratify, if they have not yet done so, the relevant human rights treaties, in particular the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and to respect and fully implement their obligations under the relevant human rights treaties to which they are parties, emphasizing the incompatibility between the continuation of these harmful traditional or customary practices and the obligations they have voluntarily undertaken through the ratification of such international human rights instruments;
- Organismo
- United Nations General Assembly
- Tipo de documento
- Resolution
- Temas
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 1997
Párrafo