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Título | Fecha de adición | Plantilla | Organo | Condicón jurídica | Tipo de documento | Año | Código de documento | Document | Paragraph text | Thematics | Temas | Personas afectadas | Año |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 24 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In an environment where having albinism is regarded as a curse and where the myth that albinism can be contracted like a contagious disease is prevalent, crossing the road to avoid walking near or refusing to shake hands with persons with albinism is commonplace. | 2016 | ||||||
Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 80 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | There is also a pressing need for intense field research into the root causes of and trends in attacks in order for the phenomenon to be adequately understood and adequate measures taken. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 25 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Recent cases of body-parts trafficking that were brought to the attention of the Independent Expert by civil society include cases where law enforcement agencies acted promptly and were able to prevent the sale and save the persons with albinism involved. In a few other cases, however, the body parts were harvested and have still not been recovered. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 34 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The term "persons with disabilities" under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities has a broad scope and includes any person with a long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairment, which, in interaction with various barriers, may hinder his or her full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 53 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The Independent Expert attaches great importance to the work of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies, many of which have addressed the obstacles faced by persons with albinism, and wishes to extend her full support and availability to cooperate with them on this topic. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 56 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The Independent Expert recognizes that a very important part of the mandate is to support States in the development of their national efforts to advance the implementation of the rights of persons with albinism. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 21 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Since 2007, civil society organizations have reported hundreds of attacks against persons with albinism in 25 countries. All of those physical attacks appear to be, at least in part, related to the erroneous beliefs and myths linked to witchcraft practices. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 26 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Attacks against persons with albinism in some areas have caused hundreds of persons, particularly women and children, to flee their homes and seek refuge in temporary shelters. This has been the case in remote border areas or in areas particularly affected by attacks. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 9 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Further, it is also sometimes believed that albinism can be contracted by being in contact with albinism. The same myth is extended to things that have been touched by persons with albinism. There are also beliefs that if a pregnant woman looks at a person with albinism, even unintendedly, her unborn child will be born with albinism, unless she spits to neutralize the "curse". Persons spit at the person with albinism, on the floor, inside their shirts or on their stomachs in the case of pregnant women. One mother of a child with albinism reported that she gave birth to a child with albinism for having herself stared too hard at a person with albinism while fetching water during her pregnancy. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 18 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Beliefs that attribute supernatural qualities to persons with albinism serve only to dehumanize them. Such beliefs deify or demonize persons with albinism, and present as natural the exclusion, stigma and discrimination they face. This is the case, for example, in the widespread myth that persons with albinism do not die, but simply disappear. This myth is particularly disturbing because it justifies any sudden and inexplicable disappearance of a person with albinism from his or her community. This belief poses a strong risk to persons with albinism by proactively providing an acceptable explanation to the community for the disappearance of a person with albinism after an attack. Further, the existence of such a myth supports the hypothesis that violations of the life and security of persons with albinism predate the contemporary attention given to the issue. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 38 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Various authors have emphasized the continued reliance on witchcraft in many African societies and the necessity to take the phenomenon into account to fully understand the contemporary social context. It has also been reported that, despite opposition by religious leaders, access to basic education, and the enactment of legislation criminalizing witchcraft accusations and some forms of practice, witchcraft still remains embedded in society. It remains attractive to a significant number of people as it promises a holistic explanation for human hardships, including by linking socioeconomic misfortunes to other apparent "misfortunes", such as the birth of a child with albinism in a family. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 83 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | [The Independent Expert makes the following recommendations to States affected by attacks against persons with albinism:] [Legal action] Consider regulating the practice of traditional medicine where ambiguity exists, in practice, between witchcraft on the one hand and traditional, herbal or alternative medicine on the other. Such regulation might include an effective monitoring mechanism that reaches rural, remote and border areas, particularly where attacks against persons with albinism have been reported; |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 77 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The proportion of reported cases that have been prosecuted is small. This is due to the interplay of several factors, including lack of resources and specialization on the part of law enforcement, such as the absence of electronic databases and the need for enhanced forensic capacity. Similarly, where investigation has an international element, such as cross-border trafficking of persons or body parts, complications often arise, highlighting the lack of international law enforcement cooperation. Such factors are detrimental to a coherent judicial response. Police corruption has also been reported as a factor in the unwillingness to prosecute cases. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 18 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In response to the issue, several treaty bodies have called for immediate action to end the attacks. These include the Human Rights Committee, which recommended that affected States strengthen efforts to halt attacks on the physical integrity of persons with albinism, ensure the conduct of timely investigations and strengthen awareness-raising campaigns. Similarly, the Committee on the Rights of the Child, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the Committee on the Right of Persons with Disabilities and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, in reiterating the right to life and non-discrimination, have called for immediate action to end such attacks. In their resolutions, the Human Rights Council and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights have also called for immediate action to stop attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 57 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Guided by her mandate to identify, exchange and promote good practices relating to the realization of the rights of persons with albinism and their participation as equal members of society, she will strive to identify effective measures to address discrimination against persons with albinism at all levels, including with regard to access to health and education. This collection of best practices would address the protection and promotion of human rights of people with albinism and focus on issues beyond attacks, namely discrimination and equality. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 30 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In so-called Western countries, persons with albinism face the effects of entrenched misconceptions and misunderstandings of the condition. Discrimination through mockery or bullying of school-age children owing to their appearance has been reported. Given the relative rarity of albinism, popular culture, such as movies (a majority of which depict albinism negatively), are often the sole source of information on the condition for the majority of the population, fuelling widespread misconceptions and misunderstanding of the condition. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 16 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | It has been widely reported and documented that persons with albinism are hunted and physically attacked due to prevailing myths such as the misbelief that their body parts, when used in witchcraft rituals and potions or amulets, will induce wealth, good luck and political success. Other dangerous myths that facilitate the perpetration of attacks are those linked to perceptions of their appearance, including misbeliefs and myths that persons with albinism are not human beings, but ghosts, that they are subhuman and that they do not die, but disappear. An increase of those attacks, referred to as "ritual attacks", has been reported by civil society during periods of political elections. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 27 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In addition, as a protection measure, children have been transported to shelters, including police stations, schools or centres built for other needs, such as for people living with leprosy. Most of these shelters were neither designed nor prepared for an influx of persons with albinism, nor are they equipped to address the special needs of persons with albinism. Reports show that inhabitants with albinism are exposed to early skin cancer risk and various forms of abuse. Furthermore, as pointed out by the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in its study on the situation of human rights of persons living with albinism, an assessment by the OHCHR field presence of the situation of displaced persons with albinism in Burundi showed the precarious security situation of some of them and the negative impact of the measure on the right to an adequate standard of living. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 60 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Furthermore, the Independent Expert will give particular importance to her mandate to conduct, facilitate and support the provision of advisory services, technical assistance, capacity-building and international cooperation in support of national efforts for the effective realization of the rights of persons with albinism and to prevent violence. She is therefore particularly committed to fostering capacity-building of national stakeholders, promoting exchanges on challenges and experiences and supporting efforts in translating international norms into national legislation, policies, programmes and practices that are effective and adapted to national circumstances. |
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Vision for the mandate 2016, para. 44 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Discrimination against women takes various forms. Women with albinism are reportedly victims of targeted acts of sexual violence spurred by the myth and misbelief that sexual intercourse with a woman with albinism can cure HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, women who give birth to a child with albinism may face ostracism and discrimination. They are also exposed to rejection by their husbands or partners, accused of adultery or infidelity and blamed for giving birth to a child who is generally seen as a curse or a bad omen. The rejection of mothers of children with albinism exposes them to poverty and isolation and increases the vulnerability to attacks of both mother and child with albinism. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 17 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | There is also the myth that intercourse with female persons with albinism can cure infertility, sexually transmitted infections and, in particular, HIV/AIDS. This has led to the rape and forced prostitution of women and girls with albinism, some of whom end up contracting various infections. Cases have been reported of young girls with albinism being prostituted by their family to customers who thereby expect to be cured of HIV/AIDS. It is believed that cases of this sort are underreported owing to various factors, including a pre-existing context of myth-led discrimination against persons with albinism, the stigma of reporting rape and the likelihood of further abuse. Such lack of reporting is bound to aggravate the already oppressed and disenfranchised situation of women and girls with albinism. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 25 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In addition, such fear of contagion can be extended to objects touched by persons with albinism. In the words of a person with albinism, "some people will not touch what I touch. In the bus no one wants to sit next to me. People don't want to shake hands with me, share utensils, touch me or come near". Similarly, another person with albinism reported that people refuse to share a taxi with him. Further, as a result of such beliefs, people are sometimes reluctant to eat any food that has been touched by persons with albinism. This is particularly stigmatizing in a context where persons eat from a common pot. It also raises difficulties for persons with albinism working at markets, as customers may prefer other sellers. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 5 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Some myths seek to explain albinism and address the reason why a person has the condition. Others attribute specific powers to persons with albinism, demonstrating fear of the unknown and the desire to distance oneself from them. Another group of myths presents ostracism, exclusion and discrimination against persons with albinism as a natural necessity. A number of these myths are highly concerning, as they seek to strip persons with albinism of their humanity and represent them as a means to an end as opposed to an end in themselves. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 4 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Over the centuries and across the world, myths about albinism have been developed and have taken deep root in various cultures. Widespread and long-term ignorance about the condition has given birth to myths, some of them age-old and most of them erroneous. Such myths can be found in various regions of the world, as evidenced in the pejorative names used for persons with albinism across cultures and continents, including "dry pigeon peas", "ghost", "chicken", "strange being", "monkey", "fake white man", "goat" or the "devil in person". |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 10 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Other myths seek an explanation in existing traditional beliefs associated with childbirth. It has been reported, for example, that the birth of children with albinism could be linked to the "snake inside the woman" turning away from that pregnancy. The snake is considered the protector of the pregnancy, monitoring it. Other explanations are that a child born with albinism was conceived when a woman had intercourse while she was menstruating. Further, some mythological beliefs seek to explain the condition by advancing that the mother of the child with albinism was struck by lightning or that albinism occurs when a mother does not consume enough salt in her diet. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 6 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Albinism is a condition that results in a significant or near total lack of pigmentation in any or all of the skin, hair and eyes. The most significant human rights issues have emerged from myths linked to the form of albinism involving a lack of pigmentation in the skin. This is also the most visible form of albinism. All forms of albinism are together understood as rare, non-contagious, genetically inherited and occurring in both sexes, regardless of ethnicity, in all countries of the world. However, in most communities around the world, albinism is not fully understood. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 12 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | It is evident that none of these myths are true, yet they demonstrate the lack of understanding of the genetic nature of albinism. This absence of scientific knowledge and the resort to myths to provide explanations concerning albinism lead to discrimination against persons with albinism and their families, mothers in particular. However, this should not lead to the conclusion that public education alone will eradicate these myths. Evidence shows that even where the truth and the scientific basis of albinism are known, they can co-exist with myths. Scientific explanations of the origins of albinism can answer the question "why?". But they fail to answer particular, localized and personal questions such as "why in this particular person?" and "why at this particular time and place?". The inability of science to answer these questions means that many turn to explanations proposed by supernatural beliefs such as witchcraft, and its practitioners, also known as witchdoctors. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 21 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | There are rare cases where persons with albinism are deified or viewed as having godlike qualities. For example, the Guna people in Latin America give a special place to persons with albinism as protectors. Tales of persons with albinism being considered as water deities or as natural chiefs have also been reported. While deification and positive supernaturalization of persons with albinism may appear to be desirable, this is not an ideal state because the person with albinism is still the subject of myths unfounded on fact or science. Consequently, their dignity remains grounded in subjective narratives and not in their objective status as human beings. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 49 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Civil society reports nearly 500 cases of attacks against persons with albinism across 26 countries. They include various forms of attack, including physical assault, murder and sexual violence tied to witchcraft beliefs and practices. In relation to the relatively small numbers of persons with albinism, usually in the single digits of thousands to tens of thousands per country, this number of cases is highly concerning. Moreover, these are reported cases alone. Civil society activists on the issue believe far more cases go unreported owing to family collusion and the secrecy surrounding witchcraft practices. |
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Preliminary survey on the root causes of attacks and discrimination against persons with albinism 2016, para. 61 | 19 de ago. de 2019 | Paragraph | Independent Expert on the enjoyment of human rights by persons with albinism | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Fear of attacks has also worsened the economic situation of persons with albinism who are not able to cultivate their land, go to the marketplace or initiate economic activity in freedom. The same can be said of parents of children with albinism, who often have to curtail their economic activity to accommodate the need to watch over their children day and night and to escort them to and from school. This strain on family economics increases the likelihood that a child with albinism will be viewed as a burden or curse on the family. This in turn increases the child`s vulnerability to attacks initiated or facilitated by family members. |
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