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Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In addition to material costs of service provision, the time spent on collecting water and accessing sanitation facilities outside the home must also be valued. As women and girls are largely responsible for collecting water, maintaining and cleaning sanitation facilities, and for ensuring the hygienic management of the household, these time costs have an important gender equality dimension.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Although sometimes monetized in economic analyses, interventions provide some intangible benefits related to time saved, dignity gained and diseases and deaths prevented. The particularly positive impact for women and girls of investing in water and sanitation is crucial for achieving gender equality. Environmental benefits are also significant, given that improving water and sanitation services helps combat contamination and environmental degradation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The Indian Supreme Court ordered schools to provide adequate toilet facilities in schools. Relying on empirical research showing that "parents do not send their children (particularly girls) to schools" wherever sanitation facilities are not provided, the Court found that a lack of toilets violated the right to education. Failure to provide water and sanitation to those deprived of liberty has been addressed by courts and international bodies primarily as constituting cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. The High Court of Fiji held that prisoners' right to freedom from inhuman and degrading treatment was violated by lack of access to adequate sanitation facilities. The Human Rights Committee has found human rights violations, as have regional human rights bodies, in a number of cases in which prisoners have been denied access to sanitation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Families
- Girls
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Failure to provide reasonable accommodation for persons with disabilities has far-reaching effects and may amount to violations of the rights to water or sanitation. The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities raised concerns about water and sanitation service provision not taking into account the needs of persons with disabilities. The Special Rapporteur is also concerned about the lack of reasonable accommodation in sanitation facilities for children with disabilities in schools, in extreme instances forcing parents to stay at school with their children to allow them to meet their sanitation needs. Moreover, inadequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management have been shown to prevent girls from attending school, as well as creating serious health consequences. People with health conditions also often require particular protection. The Colombian Constitutional Court found that the disconnection of water services to a woman with chronic kidney failure violated the right to life, and ordered the reinstatement of the service.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Children
- Girls
- Persons with disabilities
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- People may be deliberately excluded from the use of existing facilities, for instance through societal rules preventing Dalits from using water fountains or not allowing women and girls or other individuals to use an existing toilet in the household. Inordinate amounts of time spent by women and girls carrying water have major impacts on access to paid employment and education. Measures to address such practices could seek to alleviate that burden, for instance by making water collection over long distances unnecessary by providing direct access, while challenging the stereotypes which lead to that task being assigned to women.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Women and girls are frequently subjected to unacceptable risks of violence, including sexual violence, in accessing water and sanitation facilities. Their right to personal security may be violated by failures to provide adequate protection from violence, including through appropriate design and placement of facilities with the participation of women. Many other groups and individuals such as Dalits and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex individuals also face violence in accessing water and sanitation, often linked to deeply entrenched stigmatization.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Many cultures have certain prescriptions for women's and girls' behaviour during menstruation which may amount to harmful traditional and cultural practices, violating not only the right to sanitation but, more broadly, women's and girls' human rights and gender equality. In Nepal, the Supreme Court issued an order to eliminate the practice of chaupadi, which forces menstruating women and girls to sleep in isolation from the rest of the family, in a hut or shed, with risks to their health and security. The Court declared that the practice was discriminatory and violated women's rights. It ordered the Government to conduct a study on the impact of the practice, to create awareness and to take measures to eliminate the tradition.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Families
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2014
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Sanitation facilities and services must be culturally acceptable. Personal sanitation is a highly sensitive issue across regions and cultures and differing perspectives about which sanitation solutions are acceptable must be taken into account regarding the design, positioning and conditions for use of sanitation facilities. In most cultures, toilets must be constructed so as to ensure privacy and dignity. Acceptability often requires separate facilities for women and men in public places, and for girls and boys in schools.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Certain human rights obligations related to hygiene can be inferred from the rights to water and sanitation, as well as the right to health, the right to food, the right to privacy, human dignity and other human rights. This report focuses on the human rights obligations related to hand-washing at appropriate times, menstrual hygiene, management of child faeces and domestic food hygiene. A working group created under WHO and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation explained that "… various components are considered essential to menstrual hygiene management. The first is that women and adolescent girls use clean materials to absorb or collect menstrual blood, and are able to change them in privacy as often as necessary for the duration of their menstrual period. It also involves using soap and water for washing the body as required, and having access to safe and convenient facilities to dispose of used menstrual management materials. Further, women and girls need access to basic information about the menstrual cycle and how to manage it with dignity and without discomfort or fear."
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Adolescents
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Use of hygiene facilities and services must be available at a price that is affordable to all people. The main costs, other than for installation, are associated with supplying water, soap and cleaning products for hand-washing, food hygiene, home hygiene and washing clothes, and for sanitary napkins or other products required for menstrual hygiene. Paying for these services must not limit people's capacity to acquire other basic goods and services guaranteed by human rights, such as food, housing, health services and education. Assistance should be provided to households or individuals who are unable to afford soap and cleaning products, or sanitary products for women and girls.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Hygiene facilities and services must be culturally acceptable. Personal hygiene is a highly sensitive issue across regions and cultures. Differing perspectives on the acceptability of hygiene practices must be taken into account regarding the design, positioning and conditions of use for sanitation, hand-washing and menstrual hygiene facilities. Facilities should accommodate hygiene practices in specific cultures, such as anal and genital cleansing, and women's toilets must accommodate menstruation hygiene management needs, particularly with respect to privacy. Menstruation is taboo in many countries, which makes menstrual hygiene a major concern for the health and well-being of women, and particularly of girls, who may not have sufficient knowledge about managing menstruation to be able to develop good practices. Education is necessary at schools, for boys as well as girls, to start to address the social taboos associated with menstruation and menstrual hygiene.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Achieving equality does not mean that everyone should be treated identically. With respect to water, sanitation and hygiene, human rights requires that everyone has equal access to services; but this does not mean that everyone must enjoy the same type of service, such as flush toilets, as these are not appropriate in all circumstances and contexts. Also some individuals or groups have specific needs such as menstrual hygiene for women and girls. However, States may need to adopt affirmative measures, giving preference to certain groups and individuals in order to redress past discrimination. Social, cultural, economic and political inequalities perpetuate social exclusion, and this needs to be carefully considered in the development of water, sanitation and hygiene service delivery options (see E/C.12/2002/11, para. 17).
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- People must be able to voice their concerns freely. Those who are otherwise discriminated against or stigmatized may have particular difficulties in making their opinion heard as concerns the types of service that are acceptable to them. They must also be given the chance to present their opinions and influence decision-making. For decisions on types of services, women and girls' participation is essential.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Considerations of menstrual hygiene are particularly important for issues related to health, education and gender equality. Facilities for menstrual hygiene management must include a system of disposal of sanitary materials and a place for washing reusable materials. Systems should be designed with the participation of users to make sure that they are relevant, appropriate and not liable to increase the stigmatization of girls and women during their periods. Cultural acceptability is essential to determine the type of technology used.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2015
Párrafo
Financing for the Realization of the Rights to Water and Sanitation 2011, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Not all benefits can be monetized. Intangible benefits, such as time saved and dignity gained, warrant careful consideration for their impact on human well-being. The particularly positive impact for women and girls of investing in water and sanitation is crucial for realizing human rights obligations related to gender equality. Environmental benefits are also difficult to put a figure on, but may be enormous, given that improving water and sanitation services helps combat environmental degradation.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Environment
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2011
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- Many of the challenges to achieving gender equality in access to water, sanitation and hygiene are well documented: where water is not available in the home, women and girls are primarily responsible for water and hygiene at the household level and bear the greatest burden for collecting water. Other challenges related to inequality include access to sanitation, menstrual hygiene and toilets for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming people and an increased risk of gender-based violence.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 3
- Paragraph text
- Gender inequalities are pervasive at every stage of a women's life: from infancy, through to puberty, parenthood, illness and old age. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation seeks to underscore the importance of placing a strong focus on the needs of women and girls at all times, throughout their whole lifecycle, and of not overlooking the needs of women and girls with disabilities, living in poverty or suffering from other disadvantages. Gender inequality in access to water and sanitation facilities affect a wide range of other human rights, including women and girls' rights to health, to adequate housing, to education and to food.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Non-discrimination and equality are interlinked and are fundamental principles of international human rights law. Lack of access to adequate water, sanitation and hygiene and the inability to participate in their management have in many instances, on a structural basis, left many rights out of women and girls' reach. Laws serve to give individuals a legal claim, may create social expectations and may spur public action. Legal guarantees on gender equality and non-discrimination can help to build political legitimacy to back the enforcement of women's and girls' rights to access to water, sanitation and hygiene.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Gender equality refers to the equal rights, responsibilities and opportunities between genders taking into consideration the different interests, needs and priorities and recognizing the diversity of different groups of women and men. Gender equality means that everyone must be able to enjoy the rights to water and sanitation equally. In order to attain substantive equality, therefore, it is necessary to address the specific gendered circumstances that act as barriers to the realization of those rights for women and girls in practice. States must assess existing legislation, policies and strategies, and find out to what extent the enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation between men and women are equally guaranteed. On the basis of that review, remedies should be provided and gender-responsive strategies should be developed that guide policymaking and the corresponding allocation of budgets. Temporary affirmative measures will in many cases be necessary.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 9
- Paragraph text
- Many legal constituencies, however, have laws in place that hinder the equal enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation. In many countries, land ownership, which is a precondition for gaining access to water, is often denied to women by family laws that also make it difficult for women to inherit land. Some countries criminalize open defecation while at the same time closing down public sanitation facilities. Public urination and defecation is often criminalized and laws that aim to keep cities clean may discriminate against homeless persons who have no other option but to relieve themselves in the open. Among them are many women and girls in desperate need of an adequate facility that offers privacy. Some States allow individuals to use toilets in a manner consistent with that person's chosen gender identity while other States oblige persons to use only those toilets that correspond with the biological sex listed on their birth certificate. Restrictive gender recognition laws not only severely undermine transgender peoples' ability to enjoy their rights to basic services, it also prevents them from living safely, free from violence and discrimination. Water and sanitation facilities must be safe, available, accessible, affordable, socially and culturally acceptable, provide privacy and ensure dignity for all individuals, including those who are transgender and gender non-conforming.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Although women - at every economic level, all over the world - may suffer disproportionate disadvantages and discrimination, they cannot be seen as a homogenous group. Different women are situated differently and face different challenges and barriers in relationship to water, sanitation and hygiene. Gender-based inequalities are exacerbated when they are coupled with other grounds for discrimination and disadvantages. Examples include when women and girls lack adequate access to water and sanitation and at the same time suffer from poverty, live with a disability, suffer from incontinence, live in remote areas, lack security of tenure, are imprisoned or are homeless. In these cases, they will be more likely to lack access to adequate facilities, to face exclusion or to experience vulnerability and additional health risks. The effects of social factors such as caste, age, marital status, profession, sexual orientation and gender identity are compounded when they intersect with other grounds for discrimination. In some States, women sanitation workers are particularly vulnerable, as they are exposed to an extremely dirty environment and contamination, which have a far greater impact during pregnancy and menstruation. Women belonging to certain minorities, including indigenous peoples and ethnic and religious groups, may face exclusion and disadvantages on multiple grounds. Those factors are not exhaustive and may change over time.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- In humanitarian situations, including in times of conflict or natural disaster, when water and sanitation sources are at a minimum, the specific needs of women and girls are often not taken into account. It is vital to better understand and share experiences about the kinds of responses that can be deployed across the diverse range of emergencies, including the most adequate and effective adaptations and interventions. It further requires an integrated approach and ongoing coordination among all sectors concerned. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex and gender non-conforming people face additional challenges in areas affected by disaster. A recent United Nations assessment found that, in Europe, women and girls who are refugees are vulnerable to violence and lack services that specifically meet their needs, such as private bathing and sanitation facilities. Some women have reported having stopped eating or drinking to avoid going to the toilet where they felt unsafe. The reaction of Governments and others to these situations is considered inadequate and there is an emphasis on the urgent need to scale up such response efforts.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- LGBTQI+
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- Social prejudices deny women equal opportunities in technical and managerial jobs in the water and sanitation sector and general norms work against girls and women in terms of enrolment in technical or engineering studies. States can invest in reskilling and retraining women for these jobs, and stimulate increased access to higher education. Proactive recruitment efforts can reduce barriers that stop women from applying for jobs they would like to do, particularly in fields where women are either underrepresented or where wage gaps persist. The presence of women in more publicly visible positions, including in politics, management and decision-making, may influence stereotyping and deeply rooted gender-assigned roles.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Practices and beliefs are different in every culture, but generally menstruation is considered to be something unclean or impure and contact between men and women during menstruation is viewed as something that should be avoided. Girls and women are sometimes not allowed to use the same toilets as men or are barred from certain locations. Girls all over the world grow up with the idea that menstruation is something they should hide and not speak about - an embarrassing event associated with shame. This powerful stigma and taboo surrounding menstruation translates into fear of leaking or staining clothes. Worldwide, women and girls prefer to hide the fact that they are menstruating. Data collected in Senegal shows that, owing to shame, menstrual material, once washed, is mainly dried in secluded, private and dark locations, such as tiled rooms or even under pillows, instead of in direct sunlight, which would reduce the risk of infection by ensuring that pathogens do not grow.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Harmful Practices
- Health
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- In many cultures, girls are considered adults after their first menstruation and may drop out of school, marry and start having children. Increased knowledge of menstruation by both men and women, combined with strategies to lift social taboos on menstruation, may prevent girls from being considered as adults ready for marriage but, rather, as young adolescents going through a normal phase of their development.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Harmful Practices
- Personas afectadas
- Adolescents
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Youth
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Poor menstruation management has far-reaching consequences for society as a whole and a lack of knowledge by both women and men reinforces the taboos on this topic. Education, awareness-raising and training sessions are important ways to address this problem. Moreover, it is not only girls and boys, but also teachers, government officials, community-based health workers and development staff, who must be informed on menstruation and its management. The Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation of India has issued menstrual hygiene management guidelines containing various approaches to creating an environment in which menstrual hygiene is considered acceptable and normal. Education on menstruation should focus on girls before menarche to ensure girls are aware of what will happen to their bodies in time.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- Bodily and hormonal changes, including menstruation, affect both boys and girls and their attitudes towards each other. Men and boys must be involved in education and empowerment initiatives, as they play a role in creating unequal power relations and harmful stereotypes. Caution must be taken to not confirm or worsen stereotypes and shame. Teachers in the Plurinational State of Bolivia have noted that simply introducing the topic of menstruation embarrassed girls and increased teasing from boys. In India, the campaign "No toilet, no bride" proved to be successful in terms of men investing more in the construction of toilets, but some scholars have argued that it may have reinforced stereotypes and gender roles within marriage. More evidence and evaluations are still needed on the effectiveness of initiatives for health and schooling, as is the development of country-level expertise.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Gender-based violence can be defined as acts that "inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty". It is a widespread issue rooted in power differences and structural inequality between men and women, although men and boys can also suffer gender-based violence. As the Secretary-General has pointed out: "Violence against women and girls makes its hideous imprint on every continent, country and culture".
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Women fear violence by men in public toilets and open defecation sites, and along the routes leading to both. Some women and girls looking for a place to defecate have reportedly been exposed to rude remarks, brick-throwing, stabbing and rape. Gender-based violence also occurs at places to collect water, bathe and wash clothes. Abuse of boys is reportedly a common and underrecognized phenomenon, and one that receives even less attention, as shame and cultural restrictions or taboos concerning homosexuality deters boys from reporting such abuse.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Gender
- Harmful Practices
- Violence
- Personas afectadas
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo
Gender equality in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2016, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- In addition to risking physical violence, women and girls may also experience sanitation-related psychosocial stress, including fear of sexual violence. Women and girls who have limited access to sanitation facilities experience environmental barriers when they engage in water, sanitation and hygiene practices, including carrying water, managing menstruation, defecating and bathing, that contribute to that kind of stress. Examples include the fear of encountering snakes and mosquitos when walking to a defecation site, or the stress caused by social norms that view the fact of being seen by men while bathing as negative, among other issues. A better understanding of the range of causes of stress and adaptive behaviours is needed to inform context-specific, gender-sensitive water and sanitation interventions.
- Organismo
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Tipo de documento
- Special Procedures' report
- Temas
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personas afectadas
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Año
- 2016
Párrafo