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different forms and manifestations of inequalities in any meaningful and
comprehensive way.
50. The challenge is to set such an overall goal on equality that does justice to its
cross-cutting nature, relevance to all fields of development and different grounds
and manifestations of inequalities. To address these challenges, the future
development agenda could include an overall goal on achieving equality
accompanied by targets for different sectors for reducing inequalities. Since it might
not be necessary, feasible or advisable to relate all targets to all different grounds of
discrimination, the pertaining indicators could focus on the dominant inequalities as
relevant for different sectors relating to sex, disability, age, income/wealth,
ethnicity, and geographic location, among other stratifiers. 34 The overall framework
would have to ensure that all different types of inequalities are captured. Optionally,
if indicators with ordinal values were selected, the different sectoral indicators could
be combined for a composite score that would yield an overall measure of equality.
IV. Goals, targets and indicators for water, sanitation and hygiene
51. One of the challenges for the post-2015 development agenda will be to
improve the analysis of the different forms of discrimination in access to water and
sanitation and to design an appropriate methodology to monitor them. In this
context, the Special Rapporteur highlights some manifestations of discrimination to
assist in the assessment of goals, targets and indicators to successfully monitor
non-discrimination. Appreciating that there will be difficult decisions ahead as
goals, targets and indicators are narrowed and culled, she suggests some key issues
for a future development agenda. These cover a range of different considerations
derived from international human rights law as well as general considerations of
equity. These issues could also, mutatis mutandis, be applied outside the water,
sanitation and hygiene sector — so as to ensure that equity and non-discrimination
are also captured in other areas of development.
52. Based on these considerations, this section also puts forward some ideas on
how to integrate these in the future development goals, targets and indicators
framework. It describes proposals on the methodology needed to gather and analyse
the data necessary to support monitoring progress towards these targets. The
monitoring system currently used by the Joint Monitoring Programme relies chiefly
on household surveys. This data set includes a wide variety of equity and equalityrelated variables, which are amenable to much more equality analysis than has been
performed to date. Other data could be generated relatively easily with slight
adaptations of the current data sources and the addition of other sources to
complement household surveys. The Special Rapporteur encourages the Joint
Monitoring Programme and other monitoring bodies to explore ways to supplement
household survey data with additional sources. Some potential additional sources
include data from water and sanitation providers (such as data about location of
users, fees paid, areas where access is non-existent or minimal), administrative data
(e.g., data about service levels, cut-offs and disconnections). Through her discussion
with technical experts and data specialists, the Special Rapporteur has learned that
these proposals are feasible and that better monitoring of the equality dimension of
access to water and sanitation can be achieved with the required political will.
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34
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Melamed, “Putting inequality”, p. 5 (see footnote 2 above).
15
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