A/70/287 agroecological systems by providing technical support for crop diversification techniques and irrigation systems. 83 78. Similarly, in Cuba, farmers have embraced agroecology through initiatives that support the sharing of experiences and the creation of networks. From 1995 to 2004, Cuba increased its food production by 37 per cent through agricultural development policies, farmer networks and sharing of information rather than through a reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers and heavy machinery. 84 79. Agroecology is beneficial not only for developing countries. In September 2014, the National Assembly of France adopted a project for the future of agriculture, food and forests that calls for the implementation of agroecology through agricultural initiatives that take the environment into consideration. Under the multi-year project agroecological actions will be undertaken that aim to improve the economic, social and environmental performance of farming operations and promote innovation and agricultural experimentation. 85 An example of a local initiative is the law passed by the City of San Francisco, California, requiring mandatory recycling and composting of organic material rather than sending it to landfills. The city currently diverts 80 per cent of its waste to recycling and composting, with the goal of “zero waste” by 2020. 86 80. Despite the availability of widely endorsed good practices, many Governments, development agencies, donors and policymakers are still focusing on large-scale, high-input solutions that marginalize small-scale farmers because of existing political biases, trade rules and policies that limit the ability of Governments to support smallholder farmers and agroecological practices through investment, research funding and legal solutions to land tenure. 81. Food security involves much more than just food production. However, agribusiness investment is increasingly being seen as the only way to address hunger and poverty in a time of climate change. Within this context, “climate-smart agriculture” was introduced as a series of adaptation policies that sustainably increase productivity and resilience, while reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing the achievement of national food security and development goals. These claims are questioned by several non-governmental and peasant organizations on basis of the absence of criteria to assess sustainability; the absence of a right to food concept; a limited conception of resilience; the misplaced focus on climate change mitigation; and the failure to recognize the historical responsibility of the developed countries for producing greenhouse gas emissions. More importantly, there is a lack of clarity around the concept of climate-smart agriculture that could be misleading, __________________ 83 84 85 86 22/25 Rafael Guimaraens and Clarita Rickli, A New Rural Brazil: Ministry of Agrarian Development 2003-2010 (Brasilia, Ministry of Agrarian Development, 2010). Ben McKay, “A socially inclusive pathway to food security: the agroecological alternative”, International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth Research Brief, No. 23 (19 June 2012). Projet de loi d’avenir pour l’agriculture, l’alimentation et la forêt, texte adopté no. 402 (11 September 2014). San Francisco Department of the Environment, Mandatory Recycling and Composting, ordinance No. 100-09 (9 June 2009). 15-10041