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Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The effort to transplant the Western concept of property rights has created a number of problems, however. Unless it is transparent and carefully monitored, the titling process itself may be appropriated by local elites or foreign investors, with the complicity of corrupt officials. In addition, if it is based on the recognition of formal ownership, rather than on land users' rights, the titling process may confirm the unequal distribution of land, resulting in practice in a counter-agrarian reform. In particular, this will be the case in countries in which a small landed elite owns most of the available land, having benefited from the unequal agrarian structure of the colonial era. There is also a risk that titling will favour men. Any measures aimed at improving security of tenure should instead seek to correct existing imbalances, as the Land Management and Administration Project in Cambodia does.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Acroecology and the right to food 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Specific, targeted schemes should ensure that women are empowered and encouraged to participate in this construction of knowledge. Culturally-sensitive participatory initiatives with female project staff and all-female working groups, and an increase in locally-recruited female agricultural extension staff and village motivators facing fewer cultural and language barriers, should counterbalance the greater access that men have to formal sources of agricultural knowledge. It is a source of concern to the Special Rapporteur that, while women face a number of specific obstacles (poor access to capital and land, the double burden of work in their productive and family roles, and low participation in decision-making), gender issues are incorporated into less than 10 per cent of development assistance in agriculture, and women farmers receive only 5 per cent of agricultural extension services worldwide. In principle, agroecology can benefit women most, because it is they who encounter most difficulties in accessing external inputs or subsidies. But their ability to benefit should not be treated as automatic; it requires that affirmative action directed specifically towards women be taken.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to an adequate diet: the agriculture-food-health nexus 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The impacts of increasingly globalized food chains and the uniformization of diets across the globe have disparate impacts across population groups. As a country transitions towards higher income levels, the burden of overweight and obesity shifts. The poorest segment of the population is at low risk of obesity in poor countries, but in upper-middle income developing economies (with a gross national product per capita of over about US$ 2,500) and in high-income countries, it is the poorest who are most negatively affected. In high-income countries, while the poor bear a disproportionate burden of overweight or obesity, women are particularly at risk because their incomes are on average lower than those of men, and because men in the low-income group often are employed on tasks that are physically demanding and require large expenses of energy. Overweight or obese women tend to give birth to children who themselves tend to be overweight or obese, resulting in lower productivity and discrimination. Thus, socio-economic disadvantage is perpetuated across generations by the channel of overweight or obesity.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- While improved access to education is essential to creating such economic opportunities for women, such efforts will only be effective in combination with other measures. These include active labour policies that gradually improve the representation of women in all sectors and break down the vertical and horizontal segmentation of the labour market where it exists, through positive action; measures aimed at reconciling family and professional life, and access to employment for workers with family responsibilities, as stipulated in ILO Convention No. 156 (1981) on Workers with family responsibilities. Both of these measures should be combined with efforts to break down gender stereotypes, not only as regards the type of employment performed by women, but also as regard the allocation of responsibilities between women and men in the discharging of family responsibilities. Indeed, although more women than ever are gainfully employed, their share of family responsibilities has not diminished.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 27b
- Paragraph text
- Similar self-exclusion may occur where the work proposed under the public works programmes is considered too demanding physically (more suitable for men) or violates certain cultural norms as to which tasks are suitable for women. The challenge in this case would be to ensure that the division of tasks on the programme takes into account the specific constraints faced by women, without reinforcing gender stereotypes. This may be done by adopting a phased approach. During a first phase, some work may be designated as "light" or "moderate" with priority for women, and some work as "heavy" and assigned to men; and certain tasks that are traditionally performed by women could be included in public works programmes, for instance preparing food in community kitchens or maintaining community vegetable gardens. At the same time, it should be ensured that women are paid the same wages as men. During a second phase, in order to reduce the risk that such an approach might reinforce gender stereotypes, women could gradually be encouraged to learn how to perform tasks traditionally assigned to men, so that in time "role-shifting" will occur.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Due to prevalent societal norms and gender roles, their higher average levels of education, and the fact that they are less constrained, men are often better placed to seize opportunities arising from employment creation in the industry and services sectors. The result is that, with some exceptions (e.g. women migration for household work), men tend to migrate first from rural areas, for longer periods and to further destinations. Women stay behind in the village - especially relatively older women, beyond 35 years of age, who are poorly educated and less independent - to take care of the children and the elderly, and increasingly, also to tend the family plot of land. Data in this area are often imprecise and difficult to interpret, partly because of the lack of gender-disaggregated data, as much of women's contribution to "subsistence" agriculture goes unreported in official statistics, and because the share of women's employment in agriculture varies from crop to crop and from activity to activity - ploughing, for instance, remains predominantly a task performed by men. Nonetheless, overall, this feminization of agriculture is well documented.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Women also face discrimination in accessing extension services. First, women are underrepresented among extension services agents. Yet, in some contexts, social or cultural rules may prohibit contacts between a woman farmer and a male agricultural agent, especially when the woman is single, widowed or abandoned. Moreover, male agents may have less understanding for the specific constraints faced by women. Second, extension services tend to presume that any knowledge transmitted to the men will automatically trickle down to the women and so that they benefit equally, and meetings may be organized without taking into account the specific time and mobility constraints of women. This reinforces the pre-existing imbalances in decision-making within the household and neglects the fact that the needs of women may be different from those of men.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The third area is finance. Microcredit schemes often target rural women specifically, who, even more than men, face obstacles in accessing credit. However, far more could be done. First, improved access to loans for rural women does not necessarily imply that women will control the use of the loans. Some microfinance programmes directed at women have been assessed to be successful in increasing the participation of women in decision-making within the household, particularly as regards family planning and the children's education, and other members of the household have sometimes assumed a greater share of the housework since women who benefit from a microcredit programme tend to spend more time on their businesses and contribute more to the household income. The Small Farmers Development Program (SFDP) launched by the Indonesian government in the early 1990s is one example. But, overall evidence is mixed. Because the creditworthiness of women (as measured by loan repayment rates) is higher than that of men, women in practice may be used as convenient "middlemen" by the lending institutions' field workers and by the male members of households. This runs the risk of creating increased tensions within the household when the husband or other male relative does not give the woman the money to allow her to repay the loan on time or when the woman cannot access the loans she has obtained. Women benefiting from microcredit in rural Bangladesh, for instance through the Grameen Bank, only seldom use the loans to run their own businesses, Instead of becoming entrepreneurs themselves, they often use the loans to support the capital of existing businesses that are usually managed by male members in the household or to support their husbands in launching micro-enterprises. Similar results were found in Andra Pradesh, India.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- Involving women in the design, implementation and assessment of all these policies, could therefore have deeply transformative effects on how we conceive of the role of small-scale farming itself. This is why participation matters: it is to ensure that women have real choices. The strengthening of women's cooperatives or encouraging group farming by women's collectives are also important for that reason. Not only should women be able to overcome the obstacles that obstruct their ability to be as productive as men, they should also be able to redefine the priorities of the small-scale farming system, of which they are becoming the main actors.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Such transformative approach is clearly required under human rights law. The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women affirms that "a change in the traditional role of men as well as the role of women in society and in the family is needed to achieve full equality between men and women" (preamble, 14th para). Accordingly, States Parties shall seek, inter alia, to "modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women", and to promote the "recognition of the common responsibility of men and women in the upbringing and development of their children" (art. 5 (a). In reference to this provision, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women has urged States to combat patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men within the family and society at large (women being considered as having the primary responsibility for child-rearing and domestic tasks, and men being considered the main breadwinners) and to reject the concept that assigns the role of "head of the household" to men.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Vision of the mandate 2014, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- States must recognize the need to accommodate the specific time and mobility constraints on women, given their role in the "care" economy, while at the same time reconstituting gender roles by adopting a transformative approach to employment and social protection (see A/HRC/22/50). The Special Rapporteur will endeavour to promote greater awareness of the guidance provided by general comments No. 16 (2005) on the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of all economic, social and cultural rights and No. 20 (2009) on non-discrimination in economic, social and cultural rights of the Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights, which relate to discriminatory practices against women.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to justice and the right to food: the way forward 2015, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Women, in particular, face significant barriers to accessing justice given their subordinate position in many societies, and the lack of information and knowledge about their rights and the ways to claim their protection. Indeed, women in rural areas often are unaware of their legal rights. In many rural areas, sociocultural norms make women fearful of retribution or ostracism if they pursue land claims or seek protection from violence. As a result, women tend to be denied access to justice more often than men, and are also more likely to be denied justice altogether.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Oxfam researchers found that adaptation projects aimed at women created under Burkina Faso's National Action Programme for Adaptation (NAPA) sought to diversity the ways that women can generate income to offset income lost by harvests damaged by climate change. In order to rectify these consequences, individuals and organizations need to be better educated on the different vulnerabilities that men and women face in disasters, and local women's organizations need to be consulted in order to understand region-specific contexts. Moreover, such attempts could have ancillary positive effects, as developing credit systems to aid families during times of famine, strengthening women's organizations that promote adaptation measures, and addressing larger issues could prevent gender inequality.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In all adaptation projects women should be granted access to the same level of technology and financing as men. This will help women change agricultural practices as well as preserve livelihoods during times of drought. Addressing issues of resource management and land ownership will also improve women's chances against climate change. Ultimately, communities must take a "bottom-up" approach in order to accurately understand local customs and to incorporate local knowledge; applying a model that relies upon opinions from international institutions or outside groups will not be as effective.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- With the increased commercialization of agriculture and highly technological improvements, farming systems are overly dependent on external inputs such as agrochemicals. Poor rural women and men farmers often spread risk by growing a wide variety of locally-adapted crops, some of which will be resistant to drought or pests, and livestock breeds that have adapted to the local agro ecological zone. Diversification, an important coping strategy adopted by poor rural households, also protects women against climate change, desertification, and other environmental stresses.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- In order for adaptation and mitigation strategies to effectively take gender into account, they must provide women with the opportunity to be active members of the planning and implementation of such policies. Helping women participate fully in the process of adaptation will require concerted effort by decision-makers to overcome the multiple barriers of control over resources, lack of access to information, and socio-cultural constraints. Local adaptation policies need to be designed by both women and men in order to build upon existing knowledge and grant women access to the rights, resources and opportunities necessary to surviving climate change in the years to come.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Not enough agricultural research and development efforts have focused on options that meet women's specific needs and situations related to childcare, food preparation, and the collection of domestic water and energy resources. New research based on gender-disaggregated data shed light on gender differences in perceptions on climate change and the ability to adopt practices and technologies needed to increase resilience. These data also show that men and women have different preferences, needs, and priorities for the ways in which they respond to climate change. There is also a greater need for using gender-disaggregated data to inform evidence-based policy making as well as integrating a gender perspective into research on climate change and mitigation and adaptation strategies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Inheritance is often the main avenue for women's land acquisition, yet women are still less likely to inherit land than men. Inheritance is often determined through marriage practices. Through patri-linearism, which is the most common societal system, sons, rather than daughters, inherit land from their fathers. Even where bilateral inheritance practices exist, communities may favor customary patrilineal practices. This is so in the case of the Mossi community in Burkina Faso "where despite the fact that the majority of families are Muslim, meaning that in theory daughters inherit land, this practice is not observed."
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Harmful Practices
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Women earn an average of 24 percent less than men, resulting in between a 31 and 75 percent lifetime reduction in income and they are also less likely to receive a pension. International Labour Organization (ILO) data shows that occupational segregation is significant, with women over-represented in clerical and support positions and in service and sales roles compared to managerial occupations, skilled work in agriculture and fisheries and in craft and trade occupations. Unfortunately, this occupational segregation does not reduce with new economic development. Instead, occupational segregation results in a lower quality of work accessible to women, as well as a "stubbornly persistent" wage gap outside of the agricultural sector, which affects women's income and their ability to purchase food.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Adaptation strategies are adjustments made to ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected effects or impacts of climate change. In general, adaptation policies and measures need to be gender sensitive, taking into account women's lack of control and access to land, resources, transportation, information, technology, and ultimately decision-making. Data from several countries suggest that men and women have different needs, priorities, and preferences for adaptation and, indeed, men and women tend to report engaging in different adaptation strategies. Women tend to adopt certain practices more readily than men, including cover cropping with legumes to increase soil fertility and improve food security and feed management practices for livestock.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to land and the right to food 2010, para. 42b (ii)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to ensure the enjoyment of the right to food, States should:] Ensure that market-led land reforms are compatible with human rights. If, despite the reservations expressed in the present report, States choose to seek to improve security of tenure through titling programmes and the creation of land rights markets, they should: Ensure that titling schemes benefit women and men equally, correcting existing imbalances if necessary;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2010
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Women’s right and the right to food 2013, para. 25a
- Paragraph text
- [Three concerns have emerged:] The approach adopted by CCT programmes may reinforce gender stereotyped roles as women are prioritized as "mothers" and "caregivers", rather than empowered as equal to men. Women are relied upon to ensure that the household invests in children, leading some authors to claim that child-centered policies such as those illustrated by CCT programmes tend to sideline "the equality claims of adult women and attention to their needs [...] in favor of those of children, including girls."
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Children
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Researchers and breeders often work in isolation from women and men farmers and are sometimes unaware of their needs and priorities beyond yield and resistance to pests and diseases. Moreover, extension agents and research organizations tend to consider many local varieties and breeds to be low-performing and inferior. As a result, national policies that provide incentives such as loans and direct payments for the use of modern varieties and breeds contribute to the loss of genetic diversity and affect traditional gender roles.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Since the 1945 - UN Charter, equality between men and women has been among the most fundamental guarantees of human rights. The same principles of equality and non-discrimination are at the core of the two Covenants, namely on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). Both Covenants in their respective article 3, oblige States Parties to ensure the equal right of men and women to the enjoyment of their civil, cultural, economic, political and social rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Structural violence is an under-examined barrier to women's right to adequate food and nutrition. Gender-based violence, which is a primary form of discrimination, impedes women from engaging in their own right to adequate food and nutrition, and efforts to overcome hunger and malnutrition. Some men control women's behavior and monitor women's food work in households. A woman's perceived failure to adequately prepare food and meals is a common justification for "disciplinary" action.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Legal barriers also prevent men and women from equally benefiting from paid employment through the sanctioning of systems of overt discrimination against women in the workplace. As of 2014, 77 countries, out of 140 countries with reported data, still had legal restrictions on the type of paid employment activities available to women. Even when equal employment opportunities are available, equal pay is not: only 59 countries form the same sample of countries legally require equal pay for work of equal value.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Formal laws could also prove ineffective if women do not realize or assume control over their rights. For example, in 2005, India amended the Hindu Succession Act (1956) to allow men and women equal inheritance to agricultural land. However, according to a 2013 study, challenges in the implementation of the Act had been observed, allegedly as a result of women not being aware of their legal rights and not wanting to upset their families and resistance from their brothers amongst other reasons.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Unfortunately, the IPR regime disproportionately excludes women, particularly in the context of agriculture. For example, IPR tends to reward "high technology" but ignores the contributions that the female labour force makes to agricultural production. Meanwhile, the privatization of agricultural resources leads to increased monetization. Women are less likely than men to have discretionary income, and are therefore less able to afford expensive seeds that were once managed communally.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Agricultural trade liberalization is generally premised on export-promotion policies that benefit men and larger-scale farmers. Liberalization has also opened smaller markets to subsidized imports, thus displacing the farmed products of local women, and encouraging the production of export crops over subsistence agriculture. Women are struggling to maintain household incomes due to increased competition with imported agricultural goods, reduced prices, and declining commodity prices in international markets.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Integrating a gender perspective in the right to food 2016, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The trade liberalization policies heavily favor large corporate agribusinesses and a large-scale model of agricultural production, at the expense of the most vulnerable and marginalized small-scale agricultural producers. Women tend to engage in agricultural production on a scale that is not compatible with a large, corporate model of farming, holding smaller plots than men, which are, on average, 20 - 30 percent less productive than plots managed by men.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right to food
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Food & Nutrition
- Personnes concernées
- Men
- Women
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe