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Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In order to effectively incorporate the human rights to water and sanitation in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, particularly with respect to development cooperation, an adequate architecture must be established to assist in the formulation, guidance, management and support of the development agenda. That architecture should ideally place the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation at the centre of the specific processes related to Goal 6 overall and targets 6.1 and 6.2 specifically. The Panel should be acutely aware of the need to base its recommendations in human rights principles and the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, as outlined in the present report. In so doing, the Panel should be able to duly address concerns raised by civil society organizations regarding the possible propensity to predominantly favour a business-oriented approach to the sector. The establishment of an entity with greater openness and a wider plurality of stakeholders and viewpoints is essential to successfully introducing the human rights to water and sanitation into development cooperation and to achieving the water and sanitation-related goals of the 2030 Agenda.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- While support and participation of donors and NGOs in water and sanitation service delivery is welcome, there are challenges to sustainability when they become service providers and questions of accountability and transparency arise. A key risk to sustainability is the fact that few NGOs provide services on a permanent or long-term basis. Most usually disengage from projects after a certain period, which may have negative impacts on the long-term viability of services if no proper sustainability strategy is put in place. Even with the best of intentions, these systems may be responding to immediate and concrete needs to the detriment of building a system that can remain functional over time. While providing immediate access is important, it is equally central to guarantee long-term operation and maintenance, and to plan with government and communities for phased exits and local ownership. The lack of long-term focus has been linked to a lack of political incentives, particularly for donors, to put resources towards maintaining existing infrastructure, over building new ones that give better visibility for their investment and support.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Often States fail to adopt a tariff structure which is both affordable and promotes enough revenue to ensure financial sustainability. In most urban public water systems, charges often barely cover the recurrent costs of operation and maintenance, leaving little or no funds to recover the capital costs of modernization and expansion. A survey of such systems in 132 cities in high-, middle- and low-income countries found that 39 per cent did not recover even their operation and maintenance costs. The impact of decreased spending then threatens the sustainability of water systems as lack of reinvestment leads to deterioration of the system and leakages, and the low level of investment in the water sector hampers growth. In rural areas neglect of operation and maintenance budgets and cost recovery contribute to widespread non-functionality. Accessibility and quality are compromised because of limitations on services, lack of expansion and lack of maintenance. Affordability is also affected because funds that would have been available before the financial downturn have been decreased or reallocated, and therefore prices to the user increase to cover the shortfall.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Water and wastewater management is often entrusted to large and powerful "hydrocracies" that are trained for, and have vested interests in, large infrastructure. Many administrations and funding agencies favour sewer networks and sewage treatment plants over more decentralized systems. Such preferences should be contrasted with the institutional framework for faecal sludge management: often there are no clear institutional responsibilities for wastewater management beyond sewerage networks. This gap is exacerbated in informal settlements that lack legal land tenure, which, where sanitation facilities exist at all, tend to be served largely by septic tanks and pit latrines. Municipalities often deliberately avoid providing formal services in those areas because they fear legitimizing informal settlements. Legislative frameworks must assign institutional responsibilities for wastewater and, more specifically, faecal sludge management. The challenges in informal settlements are among the most urgent. As a short-term solution, non-governmental organizations have acted as intermediaries between municipalities and users to allow people to gain access to services before a more long-term solution is found.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- During her country missions, the Special Rapporteur has constantly witnessed challenges in the operation and management of septic tanks and the disposal of septage, giving rise to severe challenges for the realization of human rights. On site sanitation solutions have been promoted as a way for people to quickly "gain access to sanitation" without giving due regard to what happens when pits fill up. Often, tanks are not properly maintained and pollutants leak into groundwater and environment, impairing the health of neighbouring residents or those depending on shallow aquifers. Once the tanks are full, they need to be emptied. This process of emptying, collection and transportation usually lacks regulation, control and accountability, resulting in contents being dumped by collection trucks relatively close by, into waterways or the larger environment, adjacent to locations where people live, farm, fish or work. Trucks serving a given municipality are often not sufficient to meet the demand. Moreover, poor households, in order to avoid periodically hiring unaffordable trucks, might divert the water overflowing from their tanks leading to continued exposure and health risks.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Subsequent to a project’s completion, it is essential to systematically produce ex post human rights assessments of projects. Such assessments are critical to identifying the sustainability of services and understanding a project’s medium- and long-term impacts on human rights and the causes of those impacts. Critically, assessments should be made available to the public in order for the relevant authorities to be held accountable.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, often forgotten in development projects are the safe management of on-site sanitation and faecal sludge, hygiene promotion and menstrual hygiene management. In the projects assessed, it was observed that hygiene management is often absent, particularly menstrual hygiene management, under the pretext that it is “culturally” difficult to address.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Another overarching policy for development cooperation is established in the Japan International Cooperation Agency guidelines for environmental and social considerations. The guidelines specify that the principles of local stakeholder participation, accountability, transparency and access to information are indispensable for decision-making processes, in addition to respect for human rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Service regulation and human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 90f
- Paragraph text
- [In addition, the Special Rapporteur recommends that regulatory actors:] Ensure that tariff-setting reconciles financial sustainability with affordability, while prioritizing and protecting the needs of those living in poverty;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The process of incorporating the human rights to water and sanitation in development cooperation has not been a straightforward, consensual or expeditious process. International events have provided opportunities for governmental bodies to make various human rights-related commitments. One clear example of this is the Accra Agenda for Action of 2008, agreed to by developed and developing countries, in which it was indicated that developing countries and donors would ensure that their respective development policies and programmes were designed and implemented in ways consistent with their agreed international commitments on gender equality, human rights, disability and environmental sustainability. More recently, the Ministerial Declaration of the Sixth World Water Forum (2012), adopted by representatives of 145 countries, demonstrated a true international consensus on the right to water and sanitation and the commitment by Governments to accelerating access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation in line with United Nations resolutions. In the Ministerial Declaration of the Seventh World Water Forum (2015), signatories indicated their engagement to translate commitments into national policies, plans and actions and to intensify joint efforts to advance water-related cooperation on a global scale, as well as their commitments to the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and to ensuring progressive access to water and sanitation for all.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The main frameworks for development cooperation in water and sanitation have been set by various meetings and policy documents, including the report of the International Conference on Water and the Environment, held in Dublin in January 1992, and the Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- More specifically with respect to the human right to water, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights explained that States parties are obligated to respect the enjoyment of that right in other countries, to refrain from actions that interfere with the enjoyment of the right to water in other countries and to prevent their own citizens and companies from violating the right to water of individuals and communities in other countries. In addition, the Committee indicated that States should facilitate realization of the right to water in other countries, for example through provision of water resources, financial and technical assistance and necessary aid when required, in a manner that is consistent with the Covenant and other human rights standards and that is sustainable and culturally appropriate. The economically developed States have a special responsibility and interest to assist the poorer developing States in that regard. The Committee also elaborated on the responsibility of States through multilateral organizations, indicating that State parties that are members of international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks, should take steps to ensure that the right to water is taken into account in their lending policies, credit agreements and other international measures (see E/C.12/2002/11, paras. 33, 34 and 36).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 54i
- Paragraph text
- [Where States adopt targeted measures, this also poses challenges. In practice, unfortunately, such measures often fail to reach the target population for a variety of reasons, including:] In many instances, subsidies for water are targeted towards commercial or industrial users. Where such subsidies benefit users that do not actually rely on them for their livelihoods, they should be eliminated or reduced to free up resources for the benefit of the population in need.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 99h
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Balance short-, medium- and long-term needs and address these through comprehensive planning. This implies not deferring immediate needs with promises of a long-term strategy that will eventually reach the entire population. Immediate needs must be addressed as a matter of priority, while minimizing the cost of any potential double investment in infrastructure;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 99c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Take into account the social, economic, political, cultural and environmental context in assessing the compliance of types of services with human rights;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- In parallel, WHO and UN-Water monitor resources that flow into the sector and legislation, policies and regulatory frameworks that have been adopted. These assessments provide useful data to identify ways in which States meet their human rights obligations, particularly allowing to follow up the progressive realization of the rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The category of individual on-site solutions also includes the provision of a household-level service by a well or borehole provided by a small-scale provider. Particular issues to consider include monitoring the proper construction, operation and maintenance of the borehole or well, in order to ensure that it is sustainable in terms of both technology and management.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Rainwater harvesting is also a common household (or shared) solution. Again there can be issues with household water treatment and storage, and continuity of supply in areas with variable rain. Rainwater harvesting can be particularly useful as an additional source of water to complement other forms of supply. Other types of self-supply, such as the collection of surface water, seldom meet the standards and principles of the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In some countries, individual solutions are regulated by a State institution. For example, such regulatory bodies may define the necessary dimensions of a septic tank, the requirements for the construction of a pit or the minimum distance of a latrine from a water source or a water table to avoid contamination.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, a flush toilet with a sewered connection requires considerably more water than other forms of sanitation, which can raise environmental and affordability concerns. Piped sewerage has also faced criticism from an ecological perspective, questioning whether it is the soundest solution to flush away excreta with large amounts of freshwater that become contaminated in the process.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2015
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 17b
- Paragraph text
- [The obligation to respect the rights to water and sanitation requires States to refrain from action that will unjustifiably interfere with their enjoyment. This obligation is of immediate effect. Common violations of the obligation to respect can be placed within the following categories:] Pollution, diversion or depletion of water resources;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- In Brazil, the Government undertook a broad-based participatory process in developing its national water and sanitation plan. It included workshops and consultations, with additional participation through the national policy councils responsible for cities, water resources and environment as well as through the Internet. Some components of the process involved technical discussions, whereas other components used simplified language (see A/HRC/27/55/Add.1).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Participation in the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The focus of participation has often been on decision-making at the local and even the project level. For instance, principle No. 2 of the Dublin Statement stresses that a participatory approach "means that decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level, with full public consultation and involvement of users in the planning and implementation of water projects".
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 86m
- Paragraph text
- [In line with the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Include a water and sanitation goal in the United Nations development agenda beyond 2015 targeted at eliminating inequalities in access and ensuring sustainability.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 86f
- Paragraph text
- [In line with the above, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Devote more financial and institutional resources, and improve planning, to ensure constant investment in operation and maintenance costs in order to avoid slippages. Other actors should proceed likewise;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- In many instances, this perceived dilemma of sustainability versus equality does not exist as such. Rather, both notions should complement each other, which requires appropriate planning in both the short and long term. True sustainability can be achieved only when everyone has access to services. Moreover, the consideration of equality needs to guide decision-making processes for both requirements: maintenance and rehabilitation as well as the expansion of services. Where it is decided to repair rather than newly build, how, when and where services are repaired or rehabilitated should be considered to ensure equality of access. When services are constructed or expanded, the financial and human resource requirements, including capacity-building and training, must also be planned for. And since slippages disproportionately affect excluded or marginalized communities, it is crucial to ensure that the "forever" dimension - including considerations of how operation and maintenance will be paid for and managed - is built into policymaking from the outset, so as to avoid discrimination and retrogression in realizing the rights. Investing in poor quality, low-cost options may not be best in the longer term, while some high quality, high-technology options may also be a poor investment, particularly in situations where there is insufficient technical and financial capacity and limited access to spare parts to operate and maintain the system.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The lack of budgeting for operation and maintenance raises some important questions about sustainability: will there be enough specialized human resources to look after the investments made, are there spare parts available, and do providers have the resources and capacity to operate and maintain the infrastructure?
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The provision of services and systems should be properly planned in a strategic manner, such that ongoing assessments of risks across the entire infrastructure are conducted. Services and systems must be appropriately financed for their full life cycle, including for operation, maintenance, repair and replacement. Technology must be appropriate for the given need and must also be appropriately maintained.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sustainability and non-retrogression in the realisation of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The subsections below explore the links between sustainability and the obligation of States to progressively realize the rights to water and sanitation using maximum available resources, the principle of non-retrogression, and the human rights principle of non-discrimination.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Wastewater management in the realization of the rights to water and sanitation 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Water-related diseases make up a large part of the global disease burden, with more people dying as a result of polluted water than are killed in wars and other forms of violence. Many so-called water-related diseases are in fact faeces-related diseases, which transmitted through contact with or ingestion of water contaminated with faeces.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe