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A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur urges States to engage in proactive investigation, employing new technologies and methods that focus on gathering evidence to prove culpability for trafficking crimes without heavy or sole reliance on the testimony of victims. Trafficked persons should not be used as instruments for criminal investigations. In all cases, it is imperative that States integrate gender and aged-based perspectives into investigations and prosecution.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- States should provide trafficked persons with temporary residence permits during the duration of any legal proceedings on an unconditional basis. States should also provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence permits on social and humanitarian grounds, where a safe return to the country of origin is not guaranteed or a return would not otherwise be in the best interests of the trafficked person for reasons related to his or her personal circumstances, such as the loss of citizenship or cultural and social identity in the country of origin.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Année
- 2011
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- There is also a risk that the development of a parallel legal regime for trafficking in organs will undermine the effectiveness of the extremely comprehensive legal regime that has been developed around trafficking in persons. Certainly, research conducted for the present report confirmed that the very robust and comprehensive set of rules and standards that apply to trafficking in persons for the removal of organs are not fully appreciated and are not being fully utilized. For example, as victims of trafficking in persons, those who have been subject to trafficking in persons for the removal of organs are entitled to a wide range of identification, assistance and protection rights that would not otherwise be available to them. The identification of transplantation-related exploitation as trafficking in persons for the removal of organs also imposes substantial and wide-ranging obligations on States with regard to criminalization and international legal and operational cooperation.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Discharging the obligation of identification will also require States to review existing victim identification procedures, protocols and practices and revise them as necessary to reflect the particular situation of victims of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs, including challenges of identification that are unique to this form of exploitation. Further steps would include ensuring that those in a position to identify victims (such as medical professionals and front-line law enforcement officials) have the technical capacity to do so effectively and that structures and procedures are in place to support such identification.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 65b
- Paragraph text
- [United Nations agencies and programmes, international organizations and humanitarian actors should:] Establish or revise existing standard operating procedures and conduct training for personnel, including personnel of contractors and implementing agencies who are likely to enter into contact with victims and potential victims of trafficking as well as with traffickers. These should include instructions concerning protective measures, including appropriate and tailored assistance, to be applied when indications of trafficking, exploitation or risk of trafficking are found, in collaboration with authorities and civil society organizations;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Année
- 2016
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that political pressure to prosecute traffickers may lead to over-enforcement, shortcuts and unacceptable trade-offs. It is important that efforts by States to end impunity for traffickers should include appropriate safeguards in the criminal justice responses that protect victims, witnesses and suspects, and integrate gender and aged-based perspectives into investigations and prosecution.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- States should reinforce efforts to collect accurate data and statistics on trafficking in persons that will inform evidence-based comprehensive prevention strategies. Such collection and analysis of data on trafficking should extend beyond collecting general statistics and encompass careful research and analysis of the characteristics of individuals who are at higher risk of being trafficked, as well as profiles of traffickers and their modus operandi.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Année
- 2010
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur urges States to extend protection and assistance to victim-witnesses in cases of trafficking in person pretrial, during trials and post-trial. Experience has shown that victim-witnesses are most vulnerable post-trial, when they usually no longer benefit from witness protection programmes.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- Lastly, the Special Rapporteur urges States to intensify efforts to strengthen the technical capacity of criminal justice administrators, in particular, that of judges, prosecutors and the police. A comprehensive curriculum on trafficking in persons, including online courses, should be mainstreamed in ongoing education training programmes.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- All States should take steps to ensure that trafficking in persons for the removal of organs is fully and appropriately incorporated into national policies on trafficking in persons, including national action plans and national coordination and response mechanisms.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- All States of origin, transit or destination have an international legal obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where an act or omission attributable to them breaches an international obligation. In the context of trafficking, which involves in most cases the conduct of private persons, it is important to recall that States are under an obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking in persons or to protect the human rights of trafficked persons. The right to an effective remedy is also a fundamental human right in itself and States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfil this right. While discussions on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons at the international level often focus on the right to compensation, it is stressed that other components, such as recovery, restitution, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, are equally important aspects of a remedy. Viewed from this perspective, an effective remedy necessarily calls for individually tailored measures, based on a careful assessment of the best interests of that particular trafficked person.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2011
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- States should provide trafficked persons with temporary residence permits during the duration of any legal proceedings on an unconditional basis. The conditionality of temporary residence permits on cooperation with law enforcement authorities is the antithesis of the human rights-based approach to combating trafficking in persons and should be abolished.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2011
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- New technologies, in particular social networking, should be creatively and vigorously used and sustained to prevent and combat all forms of trafficking in persons, although it is recognized that its usage is limited in certain countries owing to the digital divide and access-related problems based on geographical location, age and gender differences.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2010
- Type de paragraphe
- Conclusion / Recommendation
Paragraphe
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Similarly, the AU.COMMIT Campaign aims at curbing both the supply and demand for human trafficking, in partnership with several United Nations agencies. The Campaign included the production of television advertisements, the distribution of 1,000 copies of the Ouagadougou Action Plan, of 1,000 T-shirts with the slogan "AU.COMMIT: Stop Trafficking" and of 1,000 copies of pamphlets, pins, posters, etc. In line with the three main strategies of the Ouagadougou Plan of Action, the AU.COMMIT Campaign will be implemented in three phases, focusing in 2009-2010 on prevention of, and response to, trafficking, in 2010-2011 on protection of victims and in 2011-2012 on prosecution of traffickers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2010
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that there are other instances where, despite laws allowing for the seizure of assets, the proceeds of funds confiscated have reportedly failed to be distributed to victims. For example, in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which has a comprehensive anti-trafficking law, in a landmark case in 2009, a trafficking ringleader was sentenced to 12 years in prison, fined $14,286, and over $204,600 in assets were seized. There is, however, no evidence that these funds went to the victims. Similarly, in the Czech Republic, following the successful prosecution of eight gang members for trafficking, the assets of the accused, estimated at more than $1.5 million, were seized. Again, no evidence was found that the funds had been distributed to the victims.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- The transplantation of organs from a living or deceased person into another person is a relatively new area of medical practice but one that is rapidly accelerating as a result of advances in surgery, immunology and pharmacology. Deceased persons remain the source of many organ transplants and indeed are the only possible source for certain transplants, such as those involving hearts and lungs. It is, however, increasingly possible, and in some cases preferable, to use the organs of living persons for some transplant procedures. Kidneys, for example, can be transferred from a living person, often with better results for the recipient and, in theory at least, with little harm to the donor.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- At the national level, the thematic reports of the Special Rapporteur have been used by some States (including some that have not so far been visited by the Special Rapporteur) and civil society organizations to elaborate or strengthen institutions and policies; as reference documents for further research; and to raise awareness of the topic covered. Some stakeholders have noted that the thematic issues covered in the annual reports of the Special Rapporteur have been reinforced by a number of resolutions on combating trafficking adopted by the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, which have contributed to wider sensitization and implementation. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur also welcomes with appreciation the decision of the General Assembly in resolution 68/192 to designate 30 July as the World Day against Trafficking in Persons, in the context of the need for raising awareness of the situation of victims of human trafficking and for the promotion and protection of their rights. She also recognizes the two new international legal instruments on forced labour that the International Labour Organization adopted in June 2014: the Protocol of 2014 to Convention No. 29 (1930) concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour and Recommendation No. 203 (2014) on supplementary measures for the effective suppression of forced labour. Many of their key provisions, including those addressing remedies, the protection of victims from punishment for crimes they were compelled to commit and protection from abusive recruitment practices, echo the themes and substantive areas of focus of the work of the Special Rapporteur.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2014
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Victim identification under the rubric of prevention - as well as in the context of investigation, prosecution, protection and assistance - also requires greater training and understanding of the "continuum of exploitation" that exists between decent work and forced labour, such that workers experience different forms of exploitation that require different types of interventions when workers find themselves in any situation other than decent work. In addition, training should address the relationship between different forms of transborder movement. For example, trafficking and smuggling are often treated distinctly when in practice they are often very linked, such that what was once an act of smuggling can be turned into an act of trafficking if the circumstances become more exploitative and involuntary.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2015
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Diverse means of raising grievances and having them addressed were also debated, including examples of worker hotlines and innovations in the use of smartphone technology. However, it was noted that such efforts alone, not unlike social audits, cannot solve the complex problem of human trafficking, and must be reinforced through other means of awareness-raising, capacity-building, problem identification and access to remedy. Questions were raised about the role played by local authorities in the referral and follow-up of grievances, and about how best to coordinate with such authorities, when necessary. Good practices related to the rehabilitation of trafficking victims and their reintegration into communities and labour markets was also mentioned as a topic in need of urgent attention from all relevant stakeholders.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Violence
- Année
- 2017
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Stocktaking exercise on the work of the mandate on its tenth Anniversary 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons are firmly based on established rules of international law. While States are not usually the direct source of trafficking-related harm, they may not absolve themselves of legal responsibility on this basis (see A/66/283, para. 12). Rather, the obligation to provide remedies, or at least access to remedies, to victims of trafficking is set out in a number of relevant instruments and has been widely recognized by United Nations bodies and regional courts.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2014
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Some States have preferred to encourage self-regulation among employment agencies. This was the approach in some European countries which later adopted tighter control and a system of licensing of agencies, for instance due to tragic incidents caused by trafficking in persons.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Violence
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- OSCE has addressed trafficking in persons as a major concern since 2000, when the first Ministerial Council Decision on enhancing the OSCE's Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings was taken. In 2003, the OSCE Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings was adopted, and in 2006 the Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings was appointed. In 2007, a Platform for Action against Human Trafficking was adopted, which focuses on six priority areas: encouraging action at national level and establishing national anti-trafficking structures; promoting evidence-based policies and programmes; stepping up efforts to prevent trafficking in human beings; prioritizing action against child trafficking; addressing all forms of trafficking in human beings; promoting effective assistance and access to justice for all victims.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2010
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The issue of human trafficking in supply chains 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- That those codes are of a voluntary and self-regulating nature also often leads to criticism that they are toothless and effectively unenforceable. While some companies have adopted robust strategies involving a verification and certification system by an independent social auditor, the effective and independent monitoring of the implementation of codes of conduct is not institutionalized in most companies. For example, it has been reported that the Protocol for the Growing and Processing of Cocoa Beans and Their Derivative Products in a Manner that Complies with ILO Convention 182 concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour (Harkin-Engel Protocol), which was signed by chocolate and cocoa industry representatives, has not been implemented effectively, partly owing to the fact that implementation is not supported by independent product certification. Auditors monitoring companies' supply chains may also not be adequately trained in the issue of human trafficking and may report only specific labour law violations such as delayed payment of wages or long working hours, without making the necessary connection with possible situations of trafficking.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Année
- 2012
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- Worldwide, there is an acute shortage of organs for transplantation, which effectively means that many people who would have benefited from such treatment will die. The mismatch between the growing demand for organ transplants and the strict limits on available supply is the root cause of many of the legal, ethical and human rights issues that arise around organ transplantation. For example, there is great debate around consent for deceased organ "donation" and even around the definition of death. In relation to both deceased and live transplantation, a key issue is the question of commercialization. The dominant view is that organs for transplantation should be a gift, generated by an act of altruism that is not distorted by incentives or payments. A money-driven market in organs is seen to benefit the rich at the expense of the poor, opening the door to greater exploitation of both the seller and the buyer. Others argue, however, that this system will never begin to satisfy the demand for transplants, that it produces wasteful inefficiencies and that it contributes to the growth of exploitative and uncontrolled shadow markets.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Survivors of trafficking, sexual slavery and other forms of sexual violence perpetrated during periods of armed conflict rarely receive the assistance they need to reintegrate into society. Too often, survivors face discrimination and stigma in their families and in the wider community, which may make them vulnerable to being retrafficked, further stalling their rehabilitation and reintegration. Stigmatization as well as deficient judicial and legal systems typically impede access to justice for survivors. Access to justice is further impeded by discriminatory laws and regulations. Additionally, sexual and reproductive health services, trauma counselling and reintegration support, such as education and livelihood assistance, are severely limited in conflict and post-conflict areas, leaving the physical and psychological health needs of victims unmet.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Année
- 2016
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Consumers and investors play an important role in pressing businesses to take appropriate action. However, they depend on accurate information being provided by others. In this context, journalists and NGOs that investigate supply and product chains have played an important role and organizations representing exploited workers or providing assistance to them are well-placed to provide accurate information.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The issue of trafficking in persons for the removal of organs 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- National legal frameworks governing organ transplantation can be extremely complex, addressing a wide range of matters, many of which affect, directly or indirectly, trafficking in persons for the removal of organs. The main issues are briefly described below.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2013
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- As has been observed, while proponents on both sides of the debate hold tenaciously to their convictions, there remains no conclusive link between the legalization or criminalization of prostitution and the existence of trafficking for sexual exploitation. Although the Special Rapporteur does not wish to draw conclusions in this debate, she wants to shift the attention away from exclusively tackling consumer demand and to underline the critical need to ensure that undivided attention is paid to prevention strategies that focus on tackling the structural root causes of trafficking while respecting the human rights of trafficked persons. In this context, the Special Rapporteur notes the evidence that the majority of clients of commercial sexual services are not concerned whether the services are provided by persons who are prostitutes by choice or trafficked persons. The evidence also suggests that trafficking results mainly from the demands of employers or third parties (such as recruiters, agents, transporters and others knowingly participating in trafficking) who control and exploit people, coupled with the lack of labour rights protection that allows exploitation to take place.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2010
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Article 6, paragraph 3, of the Palermo Protocol requires States to "consider implementing measures to provide for the physical, psychological and social recovery" of trafficked persons and sets out some such measures, including: "(a) Appropriate housing; (b) Counselling and information, in particular as regards their legal rights, in a language that the victims of trafficking in persons can understand; (c) Medical, psychological and material assistance; and (d) Employment, educational and training opportunities". While according to the legislative guide for the implementation of the Palermo Protocol ("the Legislative Guide"), this provision was not rendered mandatory due to the varying level of socio-economic development or availability of resources in different States, it should be read in conjunction with the purposes of the Palermo Protocol, which include "to protect and assist the victims of such trafficking, with full respect for their human rights" (art. 2) to imply obligations of States parties to implement these measures to the maximum of their available resources.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Année
- 2011
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- While some States provide for free legal assistance to victims of crime, including trafficked persons, many States reportedly do not have a system in place to provide for such assistance. Even where the law expressly provides that trafficked persons should be provided with legal assistance, the system may not exist or be effectively implemented in practice, so that legal assistance may only be available from non-governmental or international organizations in reality. Further, some States impose eligibility criteria for legal aid, which may be difficult for trafficked persons to fulfil, such as being nationals of the country or long-term residents with legal status and a domicile.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Année
- 2011
- Type de paragraphe
- Other
Paragraphe