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Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Attacks against journalists may be perpetrated by a range of actors - State or non-State - such as organized crime groups, terrorist groups, security forces or militia. Journalists are placed at risk of attack for documenting and disseminating information deemed to be "inconvenient," including on human rights violations, environmental issues, corruption, organized crime, drug trafficking, public crises, emergencies or public demonstrations.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Environment
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- A notable trend in 2011 was the increase in the number of attacks against journalists during coverage of street protests and demonstrations, such as arbitrary arrests and detention, verbal and physical attacks, confiscation or destruction of equipment, as well as killings in countries such as Angola, Belarus, Egypt, Georgia, Iraq, Kazakhstan, Libya, Malawi, Maldives, Russian Federation, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Yemen.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Journalists play an essential watchdog role in ensuring transparency and accountability in the conduct of public affairs and other matters of general interest by keeping the public informed. However, it is their monitoring role and their ability to influence public opinion which frequently result in their becoming targets of various human rights violations, including abduction, arbitrary detention, assault, enforced disappearance, expulsion, extrajudicial killing, harassment, kidnapping, threats and acts of violence and of discrimination, imprisonment, persecution, and torture, as well as surveillance, search and seizure. Such acts constitute, first and foremost, a violation of journalists' right to freedom of expression and press freedom, as they are aimed at preventing journalists from reporting and expressing their opinions on sensitive issues. Attacks against journalists also constitute a violation of the right of the public to receive information.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur would like to underscore the key role that journalists play in situations of armed conflict, as they shed light on events unfolding on the battlefield, including potential abuses and violations of international human rights and humanitarian law committed by parties to a conflict. In the Randal case, the Appeals Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia noted that journalists working in war zones served "a public interest" because they "play a vital role in bringing to the attention of the international community the horrors and reality of conflict". In addition, in his report to the Security Council on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Secretary-General highlighted the important role of the media and information in the context of humanitarian operations, noting that the awareness of distant events allows informed assessment and helps humanitarian agencies to shape an appropriate response before going into a conflict area.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recognizes that war reporting is inherently dangerous, as journalists are exposed to dangers arising from military operations and, instead of fleeing the combat zone, often seek proximity. In his most recent reports on the protection of civilians in armed conflict, the Secretary-General also expressed concern regarding the increasing number of journalists and media assistants killed or injured while reporting from areas of conflict, highlighting the fact that fatalities have resulted from excessive risk-taking, crossfire, or deliberate targeting by parties to a conflict. In addition, owing to their work, journalists are often suspected of being spies during armed conflicts and are either "eliminated" or used deliberately as "bargaining chips" by warring parties.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Several civil society organizations have also taken initiatives to address the issue of protection of journalists in armed conflict. CPJ, IFJ, the International News Safety Institute, the Press Emblem Campaign and Reporters without Borders, to name only a few, have contributed significantly to raising the awareness of the international community regarding attacks against journalists and their safety concerns. Their engagement covers a wide range of actions, from providing training to journalists to the systematic reporting of attacks against and killings of journalists. These organizations have also developed a range of handbooks, codes and guidelines and safety information for journalists and other media professionals.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- On 7 April 2006, the Special Rapporteur, together with the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the situation of human rights defenders and the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, sent an urgent appeal to the Government of Honduras in relation to the physical assault by armed men against a female member of the Lenca indigenous community and contributor to the "Indymedia" website because of her reporting activities on the human rights situation of her community.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In other cases, laws or decrees that explicitly regulate online expression have been adopted and used to restrict the peaceful expression of opinion and ideas. For example, on 17 May 2010, at the conclusion of his fact-finding mission to the Republic of Korea, the Special Rapporteur issued a press statement in which he expressed concerns regarding Internet-specific legislation, in particular the Framework Act on Telecommunications and the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization and Information Protection. The Special Rapporteur noted that the former was used as the basis for arresting a blogger for posting online articles which were critical of the Government's economic policy in the context of the financial crisis, while the latter has been used to delete online posts and to sentence or fine individuals who initiated online campaigns for a consumer boycott.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In Africa, there have been violent riots (for example, in Kenya, caused by alleged election-rigging and fuelled by tribal tension, and in Nigeria, on the basis of tribal tensions), leading to the deaths of several thousand people; attacks by Muslim villagers against Coptic Christians in Egypt; and various forms of incitement to violence and hatred on the basis of sexual orientation by politicians, the media and religious leaders in Uganda, as epitomized by the tragic killing of David Kato, whose name, photograph and description had been published by the Sunday Pepper newspaper in what it described as a "killer dossier".
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- For their part, journalists and media organizations also have a responsibility to take precautionary safety measures to ensure their own protection. Additionally, by voluntarily adhering to global standards of professionalism, journalists can also enhance their credibility in the eyes of society and their legitimate protection concerns. Such standards of journalistic professionalism include those that have been developed and adopted by journalists and media workers themselves, such as the Declaration of Principles on the Conduct of Journalists of the International Federation of Journalists, which proclaims that "respect for truth and the right of the public to truth is the first duty of the journalist."
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- According to the Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ), in nine out of 10 cases in which journalists are murdered, the perpetrators go free. As at 20 March 2012, 565 journalists have been murdered with impunity since 1992. The root causes of impunity may vary from context to context, but can mainly be attributed to lack of political will to pursue investigations, including for fear of reprisal at the hands of powerful criminal networks, inadequate legal framework and a weak judicial system, ineffectiveness of police forces and judicial bodies and lack of expertise, lack of resources allocated to law enforcement and the justice system, as well as negligence and corruption. Against these obstacles, many journalists choose not to report threats or incidents of physical attack, further fuelling the cycle of impunity.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- In the case of Guatemala, the International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), which began operations in September 2007, has an unprecedented mandate among United Nations and other international efforts to promote accountability and strengthen the rule of law. The Commission aims to investigate and dismantle violent criminal organizations in Guatemala, which are believed to be among the cornerstones of impunity in the country, threatening the justice system and democratic institutions. The Commission carries out independent investigations in accordance with international human rights standards under Guatemalan law and following Guatemalan procedure. It fortifies Guatemala's public policy framework and justice sector institutions, making proposals for legal reforms, providing technical assistance to justice sector institutions, and working closely with the Attorney General's Office on the prosecution of symbolic cases. Although the CICIG is not specifically directed towards journalists, it draws attention to issues at the heart of the problem of impunity.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring that journalists can effectively carry out their work means not only preventing attacks against journalists and prosecuting those responsible, but also creating an environment where independent, free and pluralistic media can flourish and journalists are not placed at risk of imprisonment. The Special Rapporteur expresses his deep concern that the current total number of journalists imprisoned worldwide is reportedly the highest since 1996, with 179 journalists behind bars as at 1 December 2011. Reportedly, the work of 86 imprisoned journalists - half of the total imprisoned - has primarily appeared online. In addition, journalists may be victims of short-term detentions, which can also heighten the climate of intimidation. Such detentions are often difficult to document statistically.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Filtering technologies mentioned above also facilitate the monitoring of web activity in order to enable the State to detect forbidden images, words, site addresses or other content, and censor or alter it. States can use such technologies to detect the use of specific words and phrases, in order to censor or regulate their use, or identify the individuals using them. In countries with high levels of Internet penetration, Internet filtering reportedly enables the censorship of website content and communications and facilitates the surveillance of human rights defenders and activists.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In 2016, the Human Rights Council condemned unequivocally measures to intentionally prevent or disrupt access to or dissemination of information online in violation of international human rights law and called upon all States to refrain from and cease such measures (see Council resolution 32/13, para. 10). The blocking of Internet platforms and the shutting down of telecommunications infrastructure are persistent threats, for even if they are premised on national security or public order, they tend to block the communications of often millions of individuals (A/HRC/32/38, paras. 45-48). In a joint declaration in 2015, United Nations and regional experts in the field of freedom of expression condemned Internet shutdowns (or "kill switches") as unlawful. Similarly, the detention of bloggers and online journalists and other forms of attack on digital expression often rest on assertions of national security without demonstration of the necessity of such restrictions.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Contemporary challenges to freedom of expression 2016, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Governments have also disrupted Internet and telecommunications services in the name of national security and public order. Such disruptions include the shutdown of entire networks, the blocking of websites and platforms and the suspension of telecommunications and mobile services. In advance of elections, both Turkey and Uganda are alleged to have restricted access online. Malaysia invoked its Sedition Act to justify blocking a news site, while Nauru cited crime prevention as one of the reasons for blocking a number of social media websites in 2015. I confirmed during my mission to Tajikistan in 2016 that the Government has repeatedly blocked access to messaging services in times of public protest and has maintained a long-time block on social media websites operated from outside the country. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, India, Bangladesh, Brazil and Pakistan were reported to have blocked Internet and text messaging services in 2015.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2016
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- States also have an obligation to implement measures to prevent the recurrence of violence against journalists and citizen journalists, which may include ensuring that law enforcement agencies, security personnel and armed forces are provided with training on international human rights law and international humanitarian law, including their obligation to protect journalists and to respect them as civilians during armed conflict.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Perhaps one of the biggest factors exacerbating the risk of threats and actual acts of violence against journalists is impunity, or the lack of investigation of acts committed and prosecution of persons responsible. As the Special Rapporteur noted in his most recent report to the Human Rights Council, perpetrators have enjoyed total impunity in 94 per cent of cases in which journalists were murdered in 2009, while the percentage of cases in which even some partial measure of justice has been obtained has been minimal. The fact that persons responsible for the killings are not brought to account emboldens others who would prefer journalists to remain silent to follow suit, thus perpetuating a vicious circle, which, in the long term, has a "corrosive and corrupting effect on society as a whole", as underscored by the Secretary-General.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- UNESCO has also taken various initiatives relating to the protection of journalists as part of its mandate to defend freedom of expression and press freedom. For example, in 1997, the General Conference endorsed two major declarations on media assistance to conflict and post-conflict situations, as well as on the relationship between media and good governance. World Press Freedom Day 2007 focused on the theme of journalists' safety, and the participants adopted the Medellin Declaration on Securing the Safety of Journalists and Combating Impunity. In March 2008, the Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC) adopted a decision on the safety of journalists and the issue of impunity, which gave IPDC a central role in monitoring the follow-up to killings condemned by the Director-General of UNESCO. The latest report by the Director-General to the Intergovernmental Council of IPDC, on the safety of journalists and the danger of impunity, was published in March 2010.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Whether at the scene of a dramatic event or documenting and disseminating sensitive information, even during times of peace, citizen journalists often face risks similar to those faced by professional journalists, including acts of reprisal for their reporting activities. Citizen journalists have been subjected to acts of harassment and intimidation, including death threats, attacks against their physical integrity, arbitrary arrest and detention, prosecution, prison sentences and/or fines, and even assassination. Acts of harassment and intimidation often include repeated and unsupported police summonses, the targeting of their families, smear campaigns to discredit them and travel bans and other restrictions on movement.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Families
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Since 2004, the Special Rapporteurs on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression have sent numerous urgent appeals and letters of allegations to Member States on behalf of individuals whose rights were violated because they expressed themselves via the Internet, often on blogs. The following cases, described in communication reports of the Special Rapporteur which are available publicly, illustrate some of the challenges faced by citizen journalists. Responses of the States concerned, where provided, can be found in the relevant communication reports.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- In sum, international human rights law guarantees the right to freedom of expression of all individuals, including journalists, as well as their right to life, liberty and security, among other rights. However, despite those existing norms and standards, attacks against journalists continue, as highlighted above (see paras. 24-31). The Special Rapporteur strongly emphasizes the need for States to abide by their international obligations by taking more effective action on the ground to ensure the effective protection of journalists, especially where there is a pattern of attacks against them.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- One of the factors which makes it difficult to ensure the safety and protection of journalists in situations of conflict is that many current conflicts involve not States with regular armies fighting each other, but non-State actors who flout international humanitarian or human rights law. In addition, modern conflicts have become more complex owing to the involvement of multiple non-State actors, as well as the so-called "civilianization" of armed conflict and the use of new means and methods of warfare. Such factors undoubtedly exacerbate the manifold dangers faced by journalists and other media professionals.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- On 6 January 2010, the Special Rapporteur sent a letter of allegations to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran regarding ongoing concerns regarding the situation of journalists, bloggers and persons who express their views which are critical of the Government in the Islamic Republic of Iran. According to information received, several days prior to 7 December 2009 (National Student Day), various censorship measures were allegedly implemented to limit access to and the flow of information. On 5 December, Internet connections were reportedly blocked or slow, in particular in Tehran, Isfahan and Shiraz, affecting various websites, in particular those presenting views supportive of the opposition leader. Reports also claim that it was impossible to browse or send e-mails. Before and during the demonstrations, mobile phone connections and the Short Message Service (SMS) were also reportedly suspended or jammed. In addition, demonstrators who were using mobile phones to take photographs or to film the events were also allegedly arrested or had their phones seized by security forces.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- On 9 July 2009, the Special Rapporteur, together with the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, sent an urgent appeal to the Government of China in relation to violent clashes between Han and Uighurs during demonstrations in Urumqi, the capital of the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, during which at least 156 people were killed and more than 800 were injured. During the protests, mobile phone services were reportedly blocked and Internet connections minimized, with websites and online discussion forums ordered not to publish any material related to the protests.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is deeply concerned by actions taken by States against individuals communicating via the Internet, frequently justified broadly as being necessary to protect national security or to combat terrorism. While such ends can be legitimate under international human rights law, surveillance often takes place for political, rather than security reasons in an arbitrary and covert manner. For example, States have used popular social networking sites, such as Facebook, to identify and to track the activities of human rights defenders and opposition members, and in some cases have collected usernames and passwords to access private communications of Facebook users.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur remains concerned about the continuing existence and the use of flawed domestic laws that purport to combat hate speech but are in fact used to suppress critical or opposing voices. Such laws frequently carry disproportionate sanctions, such as hard labour, long prison sentences, life imprisonment or even capital punishment, for vague offences such as "inciting religious unrest" in Turkmenistan, "promoting division between religious believers and non-believers" in Viet Nam, "incitement to violation" in the Islamic Republic of Iran, "instigating hatred and disrespect against the ruling regime" in Bahrain, "inciting subversion of State power" in China, "incitement to offences that damage public tranquillity" in Myanmar, "blasphemy" in Pakistan, "inciting violence against a religious authority" in Angola, "causing national, racial or religious hate, discord and intolerance" in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (to suppress any criticism of the Macedonian Orthodox Church) and "misrepresenting events and inciting violence" in Somalia (to arrest and detain independent journalists).
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- The protection of journalists and combating impunity requires context-specific measures that address the specific risks in each situation and effectively addresses the root causes of attacks. While there are many organizations committed to ensuring the protection of journalists at all levels, there has not been much collaboration and joint strategies adopted at the international level. The Special Rapporteur thus welcomes the initiative to draft a United Nations joint Plan of Action on the Protection of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity and looks forward to its effective implementation.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 116
- Paragraph text
- In keeping with the United Nations Action 2 programme, the Special Rapporteur encourages other United Nations agencies to support the protection of journalists by ensuring that United Nations actions at the country level are grounded in human rights principles and guided by international norms and standards. Training and toolkits, such as those provided by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in relation to journalists working on HIV/AIDS and corruption, for example, could be tailored to the protection of journalists.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and media freedom 2012, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes the efforts by various organizations to combat impunity, as well as the declaration by the International Freedom of Expression Exchange (IFEX) network in 2011 of 23 November as the International Day to End Impunity. This date has been chosen by the network to mark the second anniversary of the Maguindanao massacre in the Philippines, during which over 30 journalists were killed. As mentioned in Chapter II, the Special Rapporteur attended the Inter-Agency meeting on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, and welcomes efforts to adopt a United Nations joint Plan of Action on the Protection of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, which is being coordinated by UNESCO. He hopes that such a joint plan of action will strengthen the protection of journalists on the ground through the presence of various United Nations agencies, funds and programmes in the field. He calls on all States to support the plan.
- Status juridique
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- Activists
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe