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Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Many of the efforts that Governments are currently making to combat hate speech are, however, misguided. These include requests by Governments to intermediaries to screen and remove user content, registration requirements to identify users' real names and arbitrary blocking of websites. In addition, vaguely worded and ambiguous laws with disproportionate sanctions are frequently used to silence criticism and legitimate political expression, as highlighted in section II.C. While laws prohibiting incitement to hatred in accordance with international human rights law are necessary and required to tackle the phenomenon of hate speech, the human sentiment of hatred cannot be eliminated by legal prohibition alone, and the deterrent effect of such laws is not absolute, given that radical perpetrators often seek prosecution as a means to obtain access to the mainstream media to promote their ideas. Moreover, when an attempt to prosecute fails, for example where some forms of hate speech do not meet the threshold of incitement to violence, hostility or discrimination (such as bullying and offensive speech that do not incite any acts), there is a risk that that failure would be used as proof of endorsement of the speech, even though such speech merits condemnation. Furthermore, with regard to hate speech on the Internet, both the sheer volume of content posted every day and the cross-boundary nature of the medium considerably complicate effective implementation of the law.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- In 2011, in establishing a specific mandate to monitor the promotion of truth, justice, reparation and guarantees of non-recurrence, the Human Rights Council emphasized the importance of a comprehensive approach incorporating the full range of judicial and non-judicial measures in order to, among other things, ensure accountability, serve justice, provide remedies to victims, and promote healing and reconciliation (Human Rights Council resolution 18/7).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- Innovations in technology have facilitated increased possibilities for communication and freedom of expression, enabling anonymity, rapid information sharing, and cross-cultural dialogues. At the same time, changes in technologies have also provided new opportunities for State surveillance and intervention into individuals' private lives.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The protection of national security explicitly appears in international human rights law as an acceptable reason to limit a number of freedoms, including freedom of expression. On the other hand, as detailed above, restrictions to the exercise of basic freedoms, including all possible restrictions to the right to access information, must still be clearly and objectively established by law and must also conform to the strict tests of necessity and proportionality.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 76c
- Paragraph text
- [The core principles include:] Promotion of open government. The full implementation of national laws on access to information requires that the public be informed about their rights and that government officials adhere to a culture of openness. Dedicated efforts are required to disseminate information to the general public on the right to access information and to raise the awareness of and train government staff to respond appropriately to public demands;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recalls that, as stated by the Human Rights Committee in its general comment No. 34 (2011), to give effect to the right to freedom of expression, States parties should proactively put in the public domain government information of public interest, and that, in ensuring access to such information, States parties should also enact the necessary procedures, such as by means of freedom of information legislation (CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 19).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- Where media are State-owned, national legal frameworks should ensure that all political parties have access to them and are treated fairly and equitably. When paid political advertising is allowed, private media outlets should be required to charge all parties and candidates the same rates without discrimination. The incumbent government or candidates should not be given preferential or disproportionately large media coverage.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2014
Paragraphe
The protection of sources and whistle-blowers 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- International human rights law has developed well-established principles protecting source confidentiality. At the international level, such rules derive from the guarantee of the right to seek, receive and impart information enshrined in article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The European Court of Human Rights celebrates the "vital public watchdog role of the press" as underlying source protection and has established a high level of protection for journalists who are reporting on matters of public interest. In May 2015, the East African Court of Justice ruled that journalists could not be compelled to reveal sources merely because the information they provided related to national security or defence. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has emphasized that "every social communicator has the right to keep his/her source of information, notes, personal and professional archives confidential". The African Commission on Human and People's Rights has stated that "media practitioners shall not be required to reveal confidential sources of information or to disclose other material held for journalistic purposes", except where meeting certain specified exceptions. The Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe recommends that States provide "explicit and clear protection of the right of journalists not to disclose information identifying a source". International criminal tribunals also protect sources.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2015
Paragraphe
Protection of journalists and press freedom 2010, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The right of all individuals to freedom of opinion and expression is stipulated in article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 19(2) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which states that "everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression; this right shall include freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing or in print, in the form of art, or through any other media of his choice". The Special Rapporteur notes that 166 States, or the majority of the States Members of the United Nations, have ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, while 72 States are signatories.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Although the right to freedom of expression is important for democracy and the exercise of other rights, as highlighted in section A, this right is not absolute. International law, and most national constitutions, recognize that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities and may be restricted in certain exceptional circumstances. The right to freedom of opinion, on the other hand, is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction, as stated, inter alia, in general comment No. 10 of the Human Rights Committee.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- There are two key elements of the type of expression that is prohibited under article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant: first, only advocacy of hatred is covered, and second, it must constitute incitement to one of the three listed results. Thus, advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred is not a breach of article 20, paragraph 2, of the Covenant on its own. Such advocacy becomes an offence only when it also constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; in other words, when the speaker seeks to provoke reactions (perlocutionary acts) on the part of the audience, and there is a very close link between the expression and the resulting risk of discrimination, hostility or violence. In this regard, context is central to the determination of whether or not a given expression constitutes incitement.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- The four types of expression examined above (III.A) fall under the first category of the types of expression that constitute offences under international criminal law and/or international human rights law and which States are required to prohibit at the domestic level. However, as they all constitute restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, they must also comply with the three-part test of prescription by: unambiguous law; pursuance of a legitimate purpose; and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- As highlighted in joint papers for a series of expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in 2011, the Special Rapporteur remains concerned by the vague formulation of some domestic legal provisions that prohibit incitement. These include combating "incitement to religious unrest", "promoting division between religious believers and non-believers", "defamation of religion", "inciting to violation", "instigating hatred and disrespect against the ruling regime", "inciting subversion of state power" and "offences that damage public tranquillity". Such vague and broad terms clearly do not meet the criterion of legal clarity.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Public and private policies aimed at extending Internet access have substantially increased the presence of Internet facilities in developing States. Yet despite these efforts, Internet usage is still lagging in developing States, perpetuating the "digital divide", a term that refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technologies, in particular the Internet, and those with very limited or no access at all. In his previous report, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern that without Internet access, which facilitates economic development and the enjoyment of a range of human rights, marginalized groups and developing States remain trapped in a disadvantaged situation, thereby perpetrating the existing socio-economic disparities both within and between States.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 79h (iv)
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur proposes the following principles for determining the conditions that must be satisfied in order for a limitation or restriction on freedom of expression to be permissible:] Certain very specific limitations are legitimate if they are necessary in order for the State to fulfil an obligation to prohibit certain expressions on the grounds that they cause serious injury to the human rights of others. These include the following: Article III (c) of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which states that "direct and public incitement to commit genocide" shall be punishable;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- On this basis, and recalling the Joint Declaration issued by the International Mechanisms for Promoting Freedom of Expression in 2008: "The concept of 'defamation of religions' does not accord with international standards regarding defamation, which refer to the protection of the reputation of individuals, while religions, like all beliefs, cannot be said to have a reputation of their own." The Special Rapporteur reiterates that, in his point of view, it is conceptually incorrect to present the issue of "defamation of religions" in an abstract manner as a conflict between the right to freedom of religion and belief and the right to freedom of opinion and expression.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2010
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Enabling individuals to effectively use the content made available via the Internet requires a number of elements, including the skills to use the technology. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends that States include Internet literacy skills in school curricula and support similar learning modules outside of schools. In addition to basic skills training, modules should clarify the benefits of accessing information online and of responsibly contributing information. Training can also help individuals learn how to protect themselves against harmful content, such as the potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet, as well as against undue restrictions by States or corporations through the use of encryption or circumvention technology.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur reiterates that the framework of international human rights law, in particular the provisions relating to the right to freedom of expression, continues to remain relevant and applicable to the Internet. Indeed, by explicitly providing that everyone has the right to freedom of expression through any media of choice, regardless of frontiers, articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were drafted with the foresight to include and accommodate future technological developments through which individuals may exercise this right.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also deems it appropriate to reiterate that the restriction must not put in jeopardy the right itself, and the relationship between right and restriction and between norm and exception must not be reversed. In addition, any legislation restricting the right to freedom of expression must be applied by a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in a manner which is neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, and with adequate safeguards against abuse, including the possibility of challenge and remedy against its abusive application.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Given that access to basic commodities such as electricity remains difficult in many developing States, the Special Rapporteur is acutely aware that universal access to the Internet for all individuals worldwide cannot be achieved instantly. However, the Special Rapporteur reminds all States of their positive obligation to promote or to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and the means necessary to exercise this right, including the Internet. Hence, States should adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies - developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector as well as relevant Government ministries - to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur remains concerned that legitimate online expression is being criminalized in contravention of States' international human rights obligations, whether it is through the application of existing criminal laws to online expression, or through the creation of new laws specifically designed to criminalize expression on the Internet. Such laws are often justified as being necessary to protect individuals' reputation, national security or to counter terrorism. However, in practice, they are frequently used to censor content that the Government and other powerful entities do not like or agree with.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- While blocking and filtering measures deny users access to specific content on the Internet, States have also taken measures to cut off access to the Internet entirely. The Special Rapporteur considers cutting off users from Internet access, regardless of the justification provided, including on the grounds of violating intellectual property rights law, to be disproportionate and thus a violation of article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In addition, while States are the primary duty-bearers of human rights, the Special Rapporteur underscores that corporations also have a responsibility to respect human rights, which means that they should act with due diligence to avoid infringing the rights of individuals. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends intermediaries to: only implement restrictions to these rights after judicial intervention; be transparent to the user involved about measures taken, and, where applicable, to the wider public; provide, if possible, forewarning to users before the implementation of restrictive measures; and minimize the impact of restrictions strictly to the content involved. Finally, there must be effective remedies for affected users, including the possibility of appeal through the procedures provided by the intermediary and by a competent judicial authority.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2011
Paragraphe
Hate speech and incitement to hatred 2012, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- In particular, the rights of others are undermined when deep-rooted hatred is manifested and expressed under certain circumstances. International human rights law therefore recognizes that the right to freedom of expression can indeed be restricted where it presents a serious danger for others and for their enjoyment of human rights. Indeed, article 19 (3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights stipulates that the exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities. It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but only such as are provided by law and are necessary for respect of the rights or reputations of others and for the protection of national security or of public order (ordre public), or of public health or morals.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2012
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- In its considerations, the Court has emphasized that the State must demonstrate a certain amount of due diligence in searching and providing information. For example, it was of the view that the State could not seek protection in arguing the lack of existence of the requested documents but, to the contrary, must establish the reason for denying the provision of the said information, demonstrating that it had adopted all the measures within its power to prove that, in effect, the information sought did not exist. Furthermore, the Court deemed it essential that, in order to guarantee the right to information, the public powers should act in good faith and diligently carry out the actions necessary to ensure the effectiveness of that right, especially when it dealt with the right to the truth of what had occurred in cases of gross violations of human rights, such as those of enforced disappearances and extrajudicial execution in the case under consideration.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The right to freedom of opinion and expression is guaranteed under articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which affirm that everyone has the right to hold opinions without interference, and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through any media and regardless of frontiers. At the regional level, the right is protected by the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (art. 9), the American Convention on Human Rights (art. 13); and the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (art. 10).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 104
- Paragraph text
- The adoption of national norms should be followed by concerted efforts to enhance the technical capacity of State institutions to manage and disseminate information. Moreover, public officials must be trained and have their awareness raised in order to fulfil their responsibilities regarding the adequate maintenance of records and dissemination of information. Further efforts are also necessary to raise public awareness of the right to access information and the existing mechanisms to exercise it.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- In previous reports, the Special Rapporteur has assessed the impact of the Internet on the realization of the right to freedom of opinion and expression (A/HRC/17/27 and A/66/290). He noted that, while Internet users can enjoy relative anonymity on the Internet, States and private actors also have access to new technologies to monitor and collect information about individuals' communications and activities. Such technologies have the potential to violate the right to privacy, thereby undermining people's confidence and security on the Internet and impeding the free flow of information and ideas online. The Special Rapporteur urged States to adopt effective privacy and data protection laws in accordance with human rights standards, and to adopt all appropriate measures to ensure that individuals can express themselves anonymously online.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The right to access information 2013, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- As indicated in a comprehensive comparative study of national experiences promoting access to information, the adoption of national laws should be regarded only as the first step: full implementation requires political will (full endorsement by various relevant authorities of the principles enshrined by the new normative framework), an active civil society (advocating and monitoring the implementation of the norms) and respect for the rule of law. In fact, a number of frequent obstacles can be noted in the review of national practices implementing legal frameworks protecting the right to information.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- From the inception of the first form of remote communications, States have sought to intercept and monitor individuals' private communications to serve law enforcement and national security interests. Through communications, the most personal and intimate information, including about an individual's or group's past or future actions, can be revealed. Communications represent a valuable source of evidence upon which the State can draw to prevent or prosecute serious crimes or forestall potential national security emergencies.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Mode d'adoption
- N.A.
- Thèmes
- Civil & Political Rights
- Personnes concernées
- All
- Année
- 2013
Paragraphe