Search Tips
trié par
30 Listé sur un total de 576 Entités
The right to health and development 2011, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The historical evolution of the response to HIV/AIDS is a good example of a health problem with strong implications for human development contained most effectively by protecting and promoting human rights. Jonathan Mann described three clearly defined phases in the response to the epidemic: the first period concerned discovery of the illness and corresponding uncertainty surrounding its containment, while the second period largely focused on individual risk reduction and behavioural change, accompanied by the use of discriminatory prevention measures justified under a "public health rationale". It was not until the third period, in the late 1980s, that a societal dimension was included in the approach to the disease, and the concept of "vulnerability" arose in identifying barriers to individual control over health. The "traditional" public health approaches initially applied to HIV/AIDS, consisting of information, education and services targeted at changing individuals' behaviour and reducing risk, were effective but ultimately insufficient to contain the spread of HIV/AIDS, not least because they assumed a static social environment.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2011
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 87o
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to:] Develop non-biased and evidence-based treatment guidelines to reduce opportunities for corruption;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- The amount of compensation awarded runs into millions of dollars and is an additional blow to developing States, especially those undergoing or recovering from crisis. For example, in Al-Kharafi v. Libya, the claimant was awarded more than $935 million. The enormous size of such awards can have a negative effect on the State's ability to implement health policies. For example, in CME v. Czech Republic, the compensation awarded to the investor was equal to the entire health budget of the State. States may also have to bear not only legal costs incurred by them during arbitration but also those incurred by the successful claimant. Even where States are successful, they may have to pay a heavy fee for the arbitrators.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Occupational health 2012, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- Many in the formal workforce find themselves in a situation similar to those in the informal workforce. There is a growing trend toward contractualization and informalization of formal work, a process by which workers become their own employers and thereby may lose occupational health protections otherwise afforded to them as employees. At the same time, many developed economies are systematically moving away from standard work-full-time, year-round, permanent wage employment with a single employer with adequate statutory benefits and entitlements -, leading to an increase in part-time, casual, temporary, self-employed or contingent workers. While such workers are not technically part of the informal economy because their work and workplaces are likely to be still regulated, they may face difficulties similar to those faced by informal workers. For example, in many developed economies, employers are not required to provide health benefits to part-time and temporary employees. Both contractualization and the trend towards replacing standard work with atypical work often represent attempts by employers to evade their responsibility under existing occupational health regimes.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Single payer systems with a single risk pool or multiple payer systems with multiple risk pools reduce financial barriers to accessing health facilities, goods and services, as required under the right to health approach. In single payer systems, one organization collects and pools funds and purchases services for the entire population. In most cases, all pool members within the system are provided access to the same health goods and services. Owing to its ability to generate and raise funds, through mechanisms such as taxation, and compulsorily enrol large numbers of people, the Government, in most cases, administers the pool and purchases health goods and services in a single payer system. Single risk pools promote equitable access to health facilities, goods and services in accordance with the right to health approach by allowing for greater cross-subsidization than systems with smaller, fragmented pools. Single payer systems are thus effective in promoting universal access to health facilities, goods and services, reducing out-of-pocket payments, and insulating users from catastrophic health expenditures.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 88a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur also urges other relevant stakeholders to:] Take into account the Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to Access to Medicines (A/63/263, annex);
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 87m
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to:] Prevent misuse of dual practices whereby health-care providers inappropriately refer patients to their own private practices; and take measures to reduce theft and improper billing in hospitals;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 87c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to:] Provide for comprehensive whistle-blower protection for those reporting corruption offences in the health sector and beyond, which includes guaranteeing the anonymity and protection of whistle-blowers;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In recent years, a number of United Nations human rights bodies have acknowledged the negative impacts of corruption on the enjoyment of human rights. By its decision 2002/106, the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on the impact of corruption on human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights. In her reports, the Special Rapporteur established that the enjoyment of both civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights are seriously undermined by corruption. In a report published in 2015, the Advisory Committee to the Human Rights Council explained that a human rights perspective on the impact of corruption can move the victims to the centre of the fight against corruption by highlighting the negative impacts of corruption on the individuals and groups concerned. The human rights perspective also reveals that the State bears the ultimate responsibility for such acts. Establishing the links between corruption and human rights can promote access to human rights mechanisms to combat corruption, thus creating new opportunities for monitoring and litigation (see A/HRC/28/73, paras. 27-28 and 32).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- There are many other manifestations of corruption in the health sector and beyond. The present report focuses on several non-exhaustive, illustrative examples.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to mental health 2017, para. 95d
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that health-care services guarantee the right to mental health for all, States should:] Scale up investment in alternative mental health services and support models;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to mental health 2017, para. 95b
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that health-care services guarantee the right to mental health for all, States should:] Stop directing investment to institutional care and redirect it to community-based services;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to mental health 2017, para. 93a
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that social and underlying determinants for the promotion of mental health for all are addressed, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Prioritize mental health promotion and prevention in public policy, scaling investments across the relevant ministries;
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to mental health 2017, para. 92c
- Paragraph text
- [To address the imbalance of the biomedical approach in mental health services, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] States partner with academic institutions to address the knowledge gap in rights-based and evidence-based mental health within medical education.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Education
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
The right to mental health 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The element of quality compels going beyond the idea of users as mere recipients of care towards their full consideration as active holders of rights. To stop discriminatory practices, States should rethink the way they provide mental health care and support (see A/HRC/34/58).
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2017
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Sports and healthy lifestyles as contributing factors to the right to health 2016, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- The incorporation of physical activity and healthy lifestyles into existing national health plans, or the development of such a plan, should be a foremost priority of States under the right to health, as a core obligation that is not subject to the principle of progressive realization, alongside non-discrimination. The Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health encourages States to build on existing national strategies and action plans concerning aspects of diet, nutrition and physical activity, and to create a national coordinating mechanism that addresses diet and physical activity within a comprehensive plan for preventing non-communicable diseases and promoting health. However, in many countries, there is alarmingly little planning: WHO has noted a paucity of national physical activity guidelines in low- and middle-income countries, and has confirmed that the public health significance of physical activity warrants the development of such guidelines. Such guidelines must be developed in reference to prevailing evidence and good practices in the region concerned.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2016
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The number of arbitration cases filed against States is likely to rise in times of financial crisis. For example, since its financial crisis in 2001 and the introduction of economic reforms, Argentina has faced more than 50 arbitration cases. Similarly, Spain and Greece saw a sharp increase in arbitration cases against them after their financial crises and more than 10 arbitration cases were registered against Egypt after the Arab Spring. In such crises, States may need to realign their economic and social policies within the changed climate. Although such changed policies may be in the public interest, the altered policies might threaten investments and prevent States from fulfilling their obligations under the international investment agreement.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- International investment agreements benefit transnational corporations as investors because such corporations are granted rights protective of their investments in the host State, such as the right to fair and equitable treatment. Transnational corporations also have the right to initiate disputes before international commercial arbitration tribunals for alleged violations by the host State and for State infringement on the corporation's profit-making activities or potential profits. States, on the other hand, may be unable to initiate disputes against investors because transnational corporations, as non-signatories, have no obligations under international investment agreements. Such agreements perpetuate and exacerbate an asymmetrical relationship between investors and States.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Representative submitted, in his final report in 2011, Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations "Protect, Respect and Remedy" Framework (A/HRC/17/31, annex). The first pillar, protect, reflects the existence in international human rights law of a binding obligation on States to protect individuals from actions of third parties. The pillar requires States to take measures such as instituting laws to hold transnational corporations accountable for their transgressions (principle 1). It could be argued, however, that the State obligation to protect, which is already an important obligation of States under international human rights law, has been ineffective against transnational corporations.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Previous efforts made in international forums to confer obligations on transnational corporations have resulted only in voluntary guidelines. In 2003, the Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights approved norms on the responsibilities of transnational corporations and other business enterprises with regard to human rights (E/CN.4/Sub.2/2003/12/Rev.2), which sought to confer non-voluntary direct obligations on transnational corporations and business enterprises. The Commission on Human Rights did not adopt the norms, owing in part to strong opposition from States and business entities. In 2005, the Commission, in resolution 2005/69, requested the Secretary-General to appoint a special representative on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- For a State to be in compliance with its progressively realizable obligations, the amount of available resources must be efficiently allocated. Available resources should be considered efficiently allocated if such allocation reduces barriers to non-discriminatory access to available and acceptable-quality health facilities, goods and services. Failure to curb corruption, which results in the inefficient use of resources, may be considered a breach of a State's progressively realizable obligations. States must also ensure that what appears to be greater efficiency is not simply masking the transfer of such costs to non-State actors. For example, a policy that encourages patients to spend less time in the hospital, thus reducing the financial cost per treatment, may in reality shift those costs to the patient's home caregivers.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Effective and full implementation of the right to health framework, including justiciability of ESCR and the right to health; the progressive realisation of the right to health; the accountability deficit of transnational corporations; and the current ... 2014, para. 10
- Paragraph text
- The right to health imposes overlapping obligations of immediate effect on States. They include the immediate obligations of non-discrimination and to take steps towards the progressive realization of rights, the core obligation to ensure the minimum essential levels of the right and the obligations to respect and protect. Immediate obligations are outside the ambit of article 2 (1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Core obligations are the minimum essential level of a right and are not progressively realized. Duties to respect and protect are akin to obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to respect and ensure - because the duty to ensure includes the duty to protect - which indisputably are justiciable.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2014
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- Regulators in some of the developing countries surveyed by the Special Rapporteur reported the use of outdated methods and processes for enforcement, largely due to the lack of technical capacity, financial and human resources. For example, one such State regretted having sufficient inspectors to guard only 3 out of 41 ports of entry. Inspection of foreign production sites is an even greater challenge for resource-constrained importing countries. Regulatory bodies in many countries are generally funded by user fees, collected through licensing fees and inspection activities. However, these funds are insufficient to sustain effective regulation, given the scale and volume of production and import in most countries. States should therefore substantially increase budgetary support for their regulatory authorities to sustain the quality control activities and increase recruitment and training of staff. Regulatory bodies of importing developing countries could cooperate with their counterparts in the exporting countries to build regulatory capacities, share local inspection information of companies under their jurisdiction, and conduct joint inspections through cost-effective use of resources.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- In complying with their obligation to ensure availability of medicines, States may consider the following policy options to develop an enabling environment that promotes the growth of local pharmaceutical industry: (i) levying taxes on imports of medicines that can be locally produced, except for active pharmaceutical ingredients which are generally not imported; (ii) providing subsidies; (iii) tax incentives; (iv) guaranteed government procurement to local manufacturers; and (v) a regulatory framework to increase local competitiveness. As highlighted during the Special Rapporteur's consultations, local production of medicines has indirect benefits, such as (i) promoting transfer of technology (ii) providing employment and capacity-building of local people through training programmes for local pharmacists (ii) microbiologists and technicians, and (iii) setting up local institutes of higher education and contributing to capacity-building of the regulatory agencies. Thus, opting for local generic production should be weighed and balanced against a number of benefits, including strategic security in medicines supply, which would be achieved in the long run as opposed to the higher prices in the short run.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Ensuring access to medicines also requires a functioning health system that encapsulates the key elements of the right to health: availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality. As part of the State obligation to fulfil the right to health and with a view to the progressive realization of access to affordable and quality medicines, the Special Rapporteur urges States to adopt a detailed national plan of action on medicines. The plan of action should be backed by a strong political will and commitment that prioritizes access to medicines within the public health budget and allocates resources accordingly. This is particularly pertinent in the context of the current global economic crisis, where some States are increasingly taking retrogressive measures such as reducing spending on health by reducing national health budgets. The Special Rapporteur stresses that States have the burden of proving that deliberately retrogressive measures have been introduced after careful consideration of all alternatives and that they are justified under full use of the State party's maximum available resources.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Access to medicines in the context of the right-to-health framework 2013, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- While States have the primary responsibility for enhancing access to medicines, it is a shared responsibility in which numerous national and international actors have a role to play. In its general comment No. 3 (1990) on the nature of States parties' obligations, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights also stressed the obligation of States to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, towards the full realization of the rights recognized in the Covenant, including the right to health. Moreover, in the spirit of Articles 55 and 56 of the Charter of the United Nations, articles 2(1) and 23 of the Covenant, as well as the Alma-Ata Declaration on Primary Health Care, States should recognize the essential role of international cooperation and comply with their commitment to take joint and separate action to achieve the full realization of the right to health. According to the Human Rights Guidelines for Pharmaceutical Companies in relation to Access to Medicines, pharmaceutical companies should integrate human rights, including the right to health, into their strategies, policies, programmes, projects and activities.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- All
- N.A.
- Année
- 2013
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Occupational health 2012, para. 60c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur recommends that States take the following steps in order to realize the right to occupational health:] Ensure mechanisms are in place to facilitate the active and informed participation of workers, particularly informal workers, in the formulation and implementation of occupational health laws and policies in a fair and transparent process. These should include: Direct and ongoing participation of existing workers' groups, including trade unions and informal worker organizations, in law- and policymaking bodies at all levels of government; Mechanisms by which workers may voice concerns and complaints regarding the content of occupational health laws and policies directly to relevant parties; Mechanisms by which workers may communicate occupational health risks to the State and to other workers without risk of termination or prosecution; Laws and policies that prioritize workers' right to information affecting their occupational health over employers' rights to protect commercial information under commercial confidentiality, trade secret and other related laws; Whistle-blower protection for workers who disclose information concerning their occupational health publicly or directly to the State.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Occupational health 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Under the right to health, States have a dual obligation to monitor and evaluate occupational health. As a prerequisite to the obligation to formulate and implement a national occupational health policy, States must conduct disease and epidemiological surveillance, including the collection of disaggregated data, in order to understand workers' health risks in all sectors, as well as human rights, health impact assessments and risk surveillance, in order to assess the impact of occupational health laws and policies prior to implementation. Additionally, States are required to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of their national occupational health policies as part of their core obligation to periodically review these policies. This requirement includes the obligation to regularly inspect worksites and production facilities in order to assess employer compliance with occupational health laws and policies. Periodic review is necessary in order to ensure the continual refinement of occupational health laws and policies to account for evolving health risks and new technologies. In both instances, monitoring and evaluation must be informed by international standards, including those developed by WHO and ILO.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Social health insurance is a pooling mechanism funded by compulsory prepayments collected through individual and organizational contributions supplemented by taxation. Social health insurance programmes are generally administered by the State, which uses funds raised through compulsory contributions and tax revenues to purchase health goods and services for the insured. In contrast to pooling mechanisms that comprise smaller, fragmented pools, social health insurance programmes establish sufficiently large pools, through compulsory contributions, to facilitate effective cross-subsidization of financial and health risks across large populations. Social health insurance thus increases utilization of and promotes equity in access to health facilities, goods and services and affords higher levels of financial protection for the poor. Social health insurance programmes may take the form of single payer systems, which tend to encourage efficient health spending and lower administrative costs, or multiple payer systems, which encourage competition and allow other entities to purchase health services. Social health insurance programmes are therefore one example of a pooling mechanism that promotes the realization of the right to health.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe
Health financing in the context of the right to health 2012, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- However, community-based health insurance programmes may be unable to achieve effective cross-subsidization owing to the size and constitution of community pools. In most cases, community-based pools are very small in size and comprise poor individuals at high risk for illness; financial and health risks therefore may not be effectively subsidized across pool members. Contributions to community-based health insurance have also been shown to be regressive in some instances, as contributions are made as flat amounts and income-rated contributions and exemptions for the poor have been difficult to implement owing to challenges in determining household incomes. Moreover, the costs associated with collecting contributions from populations in rural areas and informal urban areas are high relative to the revenue generated from contributions. Thus, while in some cases community-based insurance programmes may be used to increase access to health facilities, goods and services for vulnerable or marginalized groups and facilitate the participation of communities in health-related decision-making processes, they are not a substitute for larger, more centralized pooling mechanisms.
- Organe
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Type de document
- Special Procedures' report
- Thèmes
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Personnes concernées
- N.A.
- Année
- 2012
- Date ajouter
- 19 août 2019
Paragraphe