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Titre | Date ajouter | Modèle | Organe | Status juridique | Type de document | Année | Code du document | Document | Paragraph text | Thematics | Thèmes | Personnes concernées | Année |
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Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 38 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | [It also considers four broad categories of management models:] Self-supply. |
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| 2015 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 3 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In the United Nations Millennium Declaration of September 2000, leaders from 189 nations embraced a vision for the world in which developed and developing countries would work in partnership for the reduction of extreme poverty. To provide a framework for measuring progress, the poverty reduction commitments in section III of the Declaration were subsequently broken down into eight Millennium Development Goals, 18 targets and 48 indicators. The Goals address many dimensions of poverty, such as income poverty, hunger, lack of education, disease and inadequate access to water and sanitation. They also place responsibility upon the international community to assist in areas including trade, aid and debt relief. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 4 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Brevity and simplicity are among the Millennium Development Goals' main virtues. The Goals were not intended as a complete development strategy and should be interpreted in the context of broader global commitments, including those relating to human rights, as noted in the Millennium Declaration. The Millennium Development Goals are no panacea by themselves: no set of targets can be achieved in the absence of appropriate underlying institutions and public policies. While global goals are important for setting common benchmarks for progress, their application at the national level may require adaptation. Understood within these constraints, and contextualized and tailored in accordance with human rights standards and with national priorities and particularities, the Millennium Development Goals offer a framework for tracking human development progress, informing and monitoring public policy choices, identifying resource and capacity gaps and mobilizing needed financial flows, while contributing to the progressive realization of human rights. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 5 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Target 7.C commits the international community to "halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and sanitation". The indicator used is the "proportion of population using an improved drinking water source or improved sanitation facility, urban and rural". The term "improved" was not specified any further, but in practice is taken to refer to water sources or delivery points that, by nature of their construction and design, are likely to protect the water from outside contamination; and sanitation facilities that hygienically separate human excreta from human contact. The WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation is the official United Nations mechanism tasked with monitoring progress towards the drinking water and sanitation target. The Joint Programme publishes estimates every two years on access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities worldwide, drawing data from household surveys and censuses. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 9 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Notwithstanding widespread adherence to different international human rights treaties, human rights standards and principles have only selectively been integrated in national strategies to realize the Millennium Development Goals, including those connected with target 7.C, and are virtually absent from global cooperation frameworks. There are a range of reasons for this disjuncture. The Millennium Development Goals project and international human rights law have very distinctive histories, and there are disciplinary differences and institutional fragmentation which are only now incrementally being bridged. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 10 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The explanations for the insufficient progress towards the realization of the Millennium Development Goals are both context-specific and complex. Human rights do not provide all of the answers. However, there are a number of important ways in which the human rights framework may help fill critical analytical and implementation gaps in Millennium Development Goal-based strategies. The international human rights framework must be seen as the baseline commitment on global efforts to meet the Goals. While human rights embody legally binding obligations and need no instrumental justifications, there is increasing evidence that human rights-based approaches cannot only promote inclusive development processes, but also help to produce more equitable and sustainable development results. Enforceable socio-economic rights claims have been shown to have large-scale life-saving impacts. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 11 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Within certain parameters, the Millennium Development Goals can be seen as complementing and contributing to national efforts to realize human rights. They might do this by bringing strengthened political commitment to the fulfilment of certain basic needs - including water and sanitation - protected under international human rights law, and by strengthening bilateral and multilateral partnerships within the framework of Goal 8, where needed. However, the Millennium Development Goal targets and indicators agreed at the global level reflect certain tensions and occasional inconsistencies with international human rights standards. Unless these problems are rectified, the result may be not only policy incoherence, but also Goal-based development strategies that may inadvertently violate international human rights standards. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 12 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The first question concerns the scale of ambition embodied in the Goals. The targets on access to water and sanitation are set at a 50 per cent reduction in the lack of access by the year 2015. But international human rights obligations do not stop at 50 per cent reduction or any other arbitrary benchmark. Whatever time period may prove realistic, international human rights law requires that States ultimately aim for universal coverage within time frames tailored to the country situation. Achieving the global Millennium Development Goal targets would undoubtedly represent a great success for many countries; but it is important to keep in mind that this would still leave 672 million people without access to water and 1.7 billion people without access to sanitation in 2015. In that regard, some countries present notable examples. For instance, Bangladesh, Kenya and South Africa have set targets for access to water and sanitation that are higher than the global Millennium Development Goal targets, and Sri Lanka is aiming for universal access to water by 2025. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 14 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Human rights require that such national target-setting be undertaken with reference to an objective assessment of the national priorities and resource constraints within each country. This, in essence, is the meaning of the term "progressive realization", as enshrined in article 2(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. States parties are under the obligation to progressively realize the rights to water and sanitation to the maximum of their available resources. States are required to move towards the goal of full realization as expeditiously and effectively as possible, within available resources and within the framework of international cooperation and assistance, where needed. This implies that all States - including those that have already reached the global Millennium Development Goal target - must continue to take steps to ensure the full realization of the human rights to sanitation and water. Reaching the Millennium Development Goal target must not be used as a justification for falling short of achieving universal access. In the process of achieving universal access, the Goals may provide relevant medium-term national benchmarks. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 16 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | It is challenging in many contexts to form definitive judgements about the extent to which States are meeting their obligations progressively to realize human rights. It is difficult to assess in quantitative terms whether a State is expending "the maximum of its available resources". However, there is an emerging body of research and practice in the field of quantitative assessments of human rights progress, going directly to the question of whether States are dedicating sufficient resources to the realization of their obligations. The human rights framework requires an examination of the fiscal and policy efforts undertaken for the realization of human rights, to assess whether these are sufficient under the given circumstances. Not only is an evidence-based assessment of this question important in its own right, but States which are able to demonstrate maximum effort may enjoy strengthened legal and moral claims for international assistance where national resources are lacking. Rights-based budget analysis has been explored quite extensively. There are many other approaches, including the use of cross-country comparisons of national budget expenditure on various rights to support advocacy as well as reporting processes under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see www.cesr.org). There are also more elaborate and data-intensive approaches using econometric analysis, costing exercises and modelling of affordability constraints. Strengthened accountability can be pursued through composite indexes aiming to reveal comparative insights about the adequacy of Government efforts in fulfilling a limited bundle of socio-economic rights. Such instruments can help to assess whether States are directing the maximum of available resources towards the progressive realization of the rights to sanitation and water for all. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 17 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | National strategies and action plans, endorsed at the highest levels, are central to demonstrating the vision for ensuring full enjoyment of the rights to water and sanitation. The Human Rights Council has called for national and/or local plans of action "in order to address the lack of access to sanitation in a comprehensive way" with the "full, free and meaningful participation of local communities in the design, implementation and monitoring of such plans". General Comment No. 15 of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights identifies the adoption of a national strategy on safe drinking water as a priority and specifies certain characteristics this strategy should have (see E/C.12/2002/11, para. 47). National plans should be ambitious but realistic, integrated within national poverty reduction strategies and short- and medium-term expenditure frameworks, within a longer-term vision and strategy for universal access. These linkages will help to ensure that water and sanitation plans will not go the way of many well-meaning but ineffective national human rights planning exercises, but will actually be financed and operationalized. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 18 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Both the Millennium Development Goals and human rights foresee international cooperation in order to assist resource-constrained countries. Goal 8 contains a number of commitments on further developing the trading and financial system, increasing market access, enhancing debt relief, increasing official development assistance, improving access to essential drugs and encouraging technology transfer, taking into account, in particular, the needs of least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States. Few Millennium Development Goals have attracted as much sustained criticism as Goal 8, however. Unlike other Goals, it provides little if any basis for accountability, in that it lacks time-bound targets. The human rights framework can make a difference in this regard. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 20 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The poor record of achievement for target 7.C reflects inadequate political prioritization by donor and partner countries alike, particularly in the case of sanitation. While aid for water and sanitation is increasing in absolute terms, the share of the water and sanitation sector has been declining relative to other sectors. Moreover, aid is generally not well-targeted: only 42 per cent of aid for these sectors committed between 2006 and 2008 was addressed to least developed and other low-income countries. The share of aid for basic sanitation and water services decreased from 27 per cent in 2003 to 16 per cent in 2008, much greater shares being directed at large systems, which generally do not reach the poorest segments of the population. Strikingly, only about one third of aid to the water and sanitation sectors is directed to sanitation, even though far greater efforts are needed in this area. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 22 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The normative content of the rights to water and sanitation can be determined in terms of the criteria of availability (referring to sufficient water for personal and domestic use, or sufficient sanitation facilities), quality (including safety), acceptability (including cultural acceptability), accessibility and affordability (see E/C.12/2002/11, para. 53, and A/HRC/12/24, paras. 69-80). The notion of progressive realization relates not only to progressively achieving universal access to water and sanitation, but also to meeting these standards. Human rights do not settle for minimum standards, such as basic access to water and sanitation, but ultimately require achieving a higher standard that guarantees an adequate standard of living. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 24 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | In the first instance, human rights law requires that water and sanitation services be available. Water supply for each person must be sufficient for personal and domestic uses. In determining what is sufficient, human rights ultimately go beyond minimum targets such as 20 litres of water per person per day as referred to in the official guidance on the Millennium Development Goal indicators, which is considered insufficient to ensure health and hygiene. The Millennium Development Goal indicators do not explicitly refer to the availability of services, but use access to an improved water source as a proxy assuming that such sources are likely to provide a sufficient quantity of water. For sanitation, availability is implicitly addressed in the indicator framework since shared facilities are not considered improved. However, from a human rights perspective, facilities such as those shared with neighbours (i.e., only a small number of people), which are accessible, safe, hygienic and well kept, may be acceptable. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 26 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | With regard to sanitation, the safety criterion is implicit in the Millennium Development Goal indicator insofar as avoiding contact with excreta is concerned, but the indicator does not refer to water necessary for personal hygiene. Moreover, the indicator is silent on the question of safe disposal of excreta, which in turn can affect water quality. Where the collection, treatment, disposal or re-use of excreta is not carried out with adequate care, leakage into groundwater, which is often a source of drinking water, may occur. Similarly, sewage from flush toilets that is not treated may end up in water used by downstream communities. In such cases, leakage of sewage from "improved" sanitation facilities then results in polluting water sources which are nevertheless considered "improved" sources under the Millennium Development Goal framework. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 28 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Fourthly, water and sanitation services must be accessible to everyone in the household or its vicinity on a continuous basis. Physical security must not be threatened when accessing facilities. Again, the Millennium Development Goals indicator on water is used as a proxy, on the assumption that "improved" sources are likely to be within the dwelling or a convenient distance from it. Accessibility could be measured more explicitly by using the time a round trip, including waiting time, takes. This could also serve as an indirect measurement of the amount of water people collect, as the distance to the water source has an impact on the quantity that can be collected. In fact, this is an indicator available from the surveys used by the Joint Monitoring Programme and has been reported on sporadically by the Joint Monitoring Programme as an additional criterion. The independent expert considers that this should be done systematically, including examination of accessibility in schools, workplaces and other spheres of life. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 30 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Considerations of sanitation, accessibility and physical security when accessing facilities are addressed implicitly insofar as the Millennium Development Goal indicator excludes shared public toilets. Construction and maintenance are specifically contemplated, but apart from that, access is not further specified. Moreover, access must be ensured in a sustainable manner, which is provided for in the target but not necessarily captured by the indicators. People must not only "gain access" momentarily towards the target date, but beyond, which requires, inter alia, providing for the management and financing of facilities. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 31 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Fifthly and finally, services must be affordable. Access to water and sanitation must not compromise the ability to pay for other essential needs guaranteed by human rights such as food, housing and health care. While the Millennium Declaration specifically mentioned reducing by half the proportion of people unable to reach or afford safe water (General Assembly resolution 55/2, para. 19), the notion of affordability was omitted from Goal 7. This suggests that, politically, States saw the significance of affordability for ensuring actual access to services, but could not undertake to monitor it because of the lack of data. Developing such data sets is crucial to monitor affordability levels and progress in that regard. The affordability criterion needs to be revived and prioritized in national Millennium Development Goal monitoring activities and future global initiatives. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 32 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The above reasoning suggests that the Millennium Development Goal indicators reflect human rights criteria to a certain extent, but that human rights can bring important dimensions to targets and indicators based upon the Millennium Development Goals, helping to refine and expand them. When these additional criteria are factored in, a much bleaker picture emerges. While the extent of the gap is unknown, far more people than indicated by the figures measuring access to improved water sources and sanitation facilities do not have access to sufficient water and sanitation services that are safe, acceptable, accessible and affordable. Assessments carried out by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme demonstrate this by explicitly considering regularity and affordability as additional criteria. Another assessment highlights that access to safe water in urban areas is significantly lower in certain countries than the official figures for access to improved sources would suggest. Likewise, pilot studies by the Joint Monitoring Programme indicate that far from all water sources that are categorized as improved meet water quality standards. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 35 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Accountability begins with reliable, relevant and adequate data. It is critical to supplement the data sources used by the Joint Monitoring Programme with additional data sets that relate specifically to human rights standards. Indicators should reflect the human rights criteria of availability, safety, acceptability, accessibility (including reliability) and affordability. Generating such additional data sets might be viewed as a considerable opportunity cost, to the extent that these funds could otherwise be dedicated to water or sanitation programmes directly. But in the view of the independent expert, the "opportunity" far outweighs the "cost", not only in terms of focusing interventions on key bottlenecks and informing policymaking in the water and sanitation sectors, but also the very substantial multiplier effects this would bring for health, education, gender equality, education, nutrition and related human rights and Millennium Development Goals. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 37 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The global targets and indicators are generally formulated in terms of aggregate attainments. While the United Nations guidance on monitoring recommends gender as well as urban/rural disaggregation for all Millennium Development Goal indicators as far as possible, in practice the data are only disaggregated to a very limited extent. The indicators on water and sanitation are a notable exception. But even this is no panacea, as the distinction is often more administrative than real, particularly in peri-urban areas, and studies have found that in national surveys many urban slums are treated as rural areas. In other instances, the population of informal settlements does not appear at all in the statistics. The situation in urban slums, in particular, can therefore be assumed to be much bleaker than the official figures suggest. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 38 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Moreover, international human rights instruments not only call for disaggregation between urban and rural areas, but also for assessments of discrimination on grounds of sex, race (including social, national and ethnic origin), disability and political and religious belief, among others. In terms of target 7.C specifically, groups that have been identified as potentially vulnerable or marginalized include women, children, inhabitants of rural and deprived urban areas as well as other poor people, nomadic and traveller communities, refugees, migrants, people belonging to ethnic or racial minorities, elderly people, indigenous groups, persons living with disabilities, people living in water-scarce regions and persons living with HIV/AIDS. Women and girls, in particular, benefit from improved access to water and sanitation as they are frequently responsible for ensuring the provision of water, often at personal risk of physical or sexual assault, and equally when forced to defecate in the open. The human rights framework helps to ensure that the most disadvantaged and marginalized groups are not overlooked in the quest for aggregate progress. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 39 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | How much disaggregation of data is it reasonable to expect, insofar as Millennium Development Goal monitoring is concerned? Some countries have far greater statistical and analytical capacities than others. Data problems are especially acute regarding those living in informal settlements, internally displaced persons, certain ethnic minorities, migrants, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable and marginalized groups who may not be properly reflected in national censuses, administrative records and household surveys. Hence, there is an important capacity-building agenda around the question of national statistical and analytical capacities, without which the distributional impacts and severity of possible human rights harms cannot be anticipated and planned for. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 40 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Sadly, situations of systematic exclusion, deprivation and discrimination in relation to access to water and sanitation persist, even in many countries that are currently on track to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, as well as many middle-income and developed countries. The way the Goals are framed (almost exclusively being applied in developing countries) overlooks the problems of persistent pockets of poverty and marginalization in richer countries. In particular, a 50 per cent reduction is not nearly ambitious enough in many such contexts. Where countries have almost universal coverage, specific targets should be set to reach the groups that suffer from lack of access owing to discrimination and exclusion. In this regard, global targets must be translated into national and subnational targets and adapted to the specific context, given that regional, ethnic or income inequalities are often the driving force of such exclusion. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 41 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | A number of countries have made impressive strides in this direction. For example, the Government of Ecuador introduced a total of 96 indicators at national and local levels which help to capture discrimination against women, indigenous peoples and those of African descent. A number of national Millennium Development Goal reports include analysis of the situation of indigenous people or minorities in the context of the water target (see A/HRC/4/9/Add.1, para. 65). Some countries have also disaggregated by region; for example, Thailand added specific targets for disadvantaged regions and Kenya required that all regions improve water and sanitation access by 10 per cent per annum. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 42 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | Further synergies between monitoring of the Millennium Development Goals and human rights monitoring will be critical for ensuring that development strategies based on the Goals are not targeted by default at the better-served populations for whom household data are more readily available (as distinct, for example, from informal settlements), thereby running the risk of entrenching existing inequalities. Strategies for the realization of access to water and sanitation should include targeted interventions, aiming at those who are most disadvantaged and harder to reach as a stepping stone towards universal service provision. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 43 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | There are many useful and viable ways to bring non-discrimination and equity or distributional measures into monitoring. Greater attention is needed to disaggregate not only by reference to rural and urban areas, but also to the upper and lower wealth quintiles of the population. Disaggregation according to sex should be prioritized at the global level in view of the particular challenges, vulnerabilities and discrimination faced by women and girls. In addition to these types of disaggregation, relevant across all countries, a contextualized approach to disaggregation is required. States must identify groups that face discrimination (namely on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, disability or any other status) and specifically monitor progress within these groups to be able to target systematic exclusion. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 44 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | The lack of adequate participation has been a troubling feature of many national poverty reduction planning processes, whether based on the Millennium Development Goals or not. Participation has sometimes been reduced to the involvement of user groups in delivery of water and sanitation, or has been dominated by a few well-established non-governmental organizations. A reductionist, tokenistic and technocratic understanding of participation might lighten the State's load in the short run, but will rarely, if ever, be sufficient to genuinely empower people in connection with the decision-making processes that affect their lives. |
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| 2010 | ||||
The MDGs and the human rights to water and sanitation 2010, para. 45 | 19 août 2019 | Paragraph | Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation | Non-negotiated soft law | Special Procedures' report | A defining attribute of the human rights framework is its potential to empower people, to challenge existing inequities and to transform power relations to bring about real and sustainable changes, particularly for those most marginalized, with strengthened accountability. Human rights standards compel the participatory formulation of public policies and development plans and the institutionalization of democratic processes. All people have the right to participate in decision-making processes that may affect their rights, and the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirms in its General Comment No. 15 that all people should be given full and equal access to information concerning water, sanitation and the environment (E/C.12/2002/11, paras. 12 (4), 48 and 55). |
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| 2010 |