A/HRC/RES/51/32 remedies to victims of racism, to strengthen education and awareness-raising, to fight poverty and marginalization and to secure inclusive sustainable development, Reiterating that the transatlantic trade in enslaved Africans and colonialism were grave violations of international law that require States to make reparations proportionate to the harms committed and to ensure that structures in the society that are perpetuating the injustices of the past are transformed, including law enforcement and the administration of justice, Noting that some States have taken the initiative to apologize and have paid reparations, where appropriate, for grave and massive violations committed as a result of slavery, the slave trade, colonialism, apartheid, genocide and past tragedies, and emphasizing that those that have not yet expressed remorse or presented apologies should find some way to contribute to the restoration of the dignity of victims, and calling upon all the relevant States that have not already done so to dispense reparatory justice, including finding ways to remedy historical racial injustices contributing to the development and recognition of the dignity of the affected States and their people, Noting with concern that the lack of public knowledge about the content of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action has constituted a serious obstacle in generating political will for its full and effective implementation, Recognizing that racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance have a deep negative impact on the enjoyment of human rights, and therefore require a united and comprehensive response from States, Recognizing also that victims of racism include everyone affected, directly or indirectly, by racist actions perpetrated by State and non-State actors, such as white vigilante and supremacist paramilitary groups, and not only those killed, but also those who survived and are living with trauma and disabilities, Recognizing further the importance of the full implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, and emphasizing the need to streamline and enhance the effectiveness of existing follow-up mechanisms, and to increase public awareness of and support for it, Noting the efforts made at the international, regional and national levels, welcoming the progress made since the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action in the implementation of its provisions, and welcoming with appreciation all the positive steps and successful initiatives taken by States towards its effective and full implementation, including constitutional and legislative reforms, the adoption of national action plans and other national policies and measures, participation in and support for its follow-up mechanisms, the mainstreaming of racial equality in international forums and the promotion of regional, international and multi-stakeholder initiatives in matters relating to the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, Welcoming the political declaration adopted during the high-level meeting of the General Assembly held in commemoration of the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action on 22 September 2021, in which Heads of State and Government proclaimed their strong determination to mobilize political will for the full and effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and its follow-up processes,2 Recalling all previous Human Rights Council resolutions on the comprehensive follow-up to the World Conference against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance and the effective implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, and the International Decade for People of African Descent, Recalling also that, in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, States acknowledged that, in many parts of the world, people face racism, racial discrimination, 2 2 See General Assembly resolution 76/1.