A/78/310 (c) Ensuring that algorithmic systems are based on adequate datasets to avoid discrimination and enable human supervision of all outcomes affecting people’s safety and fundamental rights; (d) Ensuring that technologies such as artificial intelligence are not used to pre-empt people’s choices, for example regarding health, education, employment, and their private life; (e) Providing for safeguards and taking appropriate action, including by promoting trustworthy standards, to ensure that artificial intelligence and digital systems are, at all times, safe and used in full respect for fundamental rights; (f) Taking measures to ensure that research in artificial intelligence respec ts the highest ethical standards and relevant European Union law. 8 5. In view of the above, some considerations on artificial intelligence are set out below, with a brief reference to the following issues that are meant to clarify the content of the principles of transparency and explainability in the context of the processing of personal data in artificial intelligence processes or projects. II. Artificial intelligence and the processing of personal data 6. Artificial intelligence is now omnipresent in almost every aspect of our society, from the mobile devices that citizens use all the time to the most complex business management systems. This growing presence of artificial intelligence has opened up a wide range of opportunities in various activities and sectors. However, along with these opportunities also come challenges and dangers that must be addressed responsibly so that, among other things, the full potential of artificial intelligence can be harnessed in a safe, ethical and human rights-compliant manner. 7. There is no consensus on the definition of artificial intelligence, but some of its constituent elements have been identified. In a reference text on the subject, the following taxonomy has been proposed: 9 • Systems that think like humans (e.g., cognitive architectures and neural networks). • Systems that act like human beings (e.g., automated reasoning and learning). • Systems that think rationally (e.g., inferences). • Systems that act rationally (e.g., intelligent software agents and embedded robots that achieve goals through perception, planning, reasoning, learning, communication, decision-making, and acting). 8. All these systems process information to generate results and that information contains, inter alia, personal data. In that regard, the European Commission has stated the following: For the purposes of this White Paper, as well as of any possible future discussions on policy initiatives, it seems important to clarify the main elements that compose artificial intelligence, which are “data” and “algorithms”. Artificial intelligence can be integrated in hardware. In case of machine learning __________________ 8 9 4/20 European Parliament, Council of Europe and European Commission, “European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the Digital Decade”, Official Journal of the European Union, 2023/C 23/01, 23 January 2023. Available at https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/?uri=OJ%3AJOC_2023_023_R_0001. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (Essex, England, Pearson, 2009). 23-15851