A/RES/69/194 United Nations Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Children in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (e) To facilitate professional specialization, or at least specialized training, for criminal justice professionals dealing with children alleged as, accused of or recognized as having infringed criminal law. XIV. Prohibiting torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment 36. Recognizing that no child should be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, Member States are urged: (a) To review, evaluate and, where necessary, update their national laws to effectively prohibit sentences involving any form of corporal punishment for crimes committed by children; (b) To review, evaluate and, where necessary, update their national laws to ensure that, under legislation and practice, neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without the possibility of release is imposed for offences committed by persons when they were under 18 years of age. XV. Preventing and responding to violence against children in places of detention 37. Recognizing that the majority of children deprived of their liberty are in police custody or pretrial or preventive detention and that those children might be at risk of violence, Member States are urged, as appropriate and while taking into consideration relevant international human rights instruments: (a) To ensure that children in police custody or pretrial or preventive detention can promptly appear before a court or tribunal to challenge that detention and that they have an opportunity to be heard either directly or through a representative or an appropriate body in a manner consistent with the procedural rules of national law, in order to obtain a prompt decision on any such action; (b) To reduce delays in the justice process, to expedite trials and other proceedings involving children alleged as, accused of or recognized as having infringed criminal law, and to avoid the resulting prolonged or arbitrary detention of children while they await trial or the conclusion of a police investigation; (c) To ensure the effective oversight and independent monitoring of all cases of police custody or pretrial or preventive detention of children; (d) To endeavour to reduce pretrial detention by, inter alia, adopting legislative and administrative measures and policies on its preconditions, limitations, duration and alternatives and by taking measures aimed at the implementation of existing legislation, as well as by ensuring access to justice and legal aid. 38. Recognizing that, when children must be detained, the conditions of detention themselves can be conducive to various forms of violence against children, Member States are urged, as appropriate and while taking into consideration relevant international human rights instruments: (a) To ensure that all detention facilities have adopted and implemented childsensitive policies, procedures and practices, and to monitor compliance with them; (b) To establish a maximum capacity for all places of detention and take concrete and sustained measures to address and reduce overcrowding in such institutions; 24/29