A/HRC/19/54 mandate received reports that IDPs moving from one governorate to another were often unable to transfer their food ration cards to new areas of displacement. 36 47. IDPs are often the victims of direct or indirect discrimination in host communities based on their situation or categorization as IDPs. In some cases this discrimination may be based on ethnic or other differences, while in others it is due to more structural problems. In the context of his country visits, the Special Rapporteur has found that IDPs are often denied access to basic services such as primary education and health services, due to the fact that local schools or health facilities are already underfunded or overcrowded, or for purely bureaucratic reasons. 37 In these contexts, local health and educational institutions may request proof of residency or special fees from IDP families (for services normally free of charge), so as to be able to effectively expand their services to them. Such situations reflect the need for more effective coordination and timely financial transfer systems between central and local authorities, including the areas from which IDPs fled, which can take into account a local influx of IDPs and their related needs. 48. Demographic and ethnic factors, or the political priorities of local authorities may influence the degree to which they welcome and assist IDPs or adopt an informal “policy” of non-assistance. This is particularly relevant in situations where internal displacement may affect the ethnic, religious or other composition of an area. IDPs outside camps are especially easy targets in such situations, as they are often stereotyped as 'IDPs' in their immediate neighbourhoods, and may be subject to discrimination, security problems including arbitrary detention, attacks, and secondary displacements if they are „pushed‟ out of their host communities. Certain processes can exacerbate this situation, including the conduct of national or local census, or electoral processes.38 Local authorities can play a crucial role in such contexts, by promoting a culture of respect for human rights, rule of law and diversity, making public statements to this effect, and taking active steps to ensure IDPs are effectively protected from discrimination, harassment and persecution. Special measures to reach out to, protect and facilitate access to rights by particularly vulnerable IDP groups, including youth, female headed households and the elderly are necessary as well.39 Implementing IDP specific interventions, and community based programs 49. Even when central authorities have adopted national IDP frameworks, local authorities may not always be able or willing to fully implement these. They may face limitations in applying IDP legislation and programmes due to structural issues, the competing needs of other local groups within the community, or lack the capacity, financial resources, political will or understanding of IDP needs. By adopting national IDP specific programmes and frameworks, national authorities have a corresponding responsibility to set in place operational and institutional capacity to ensure their local implementation, and the timely transfer of funds for related activities. However, measures to address these challenges, including through the development of more flexible procedures which can be activated in emergency situations, are often not included in national preparedness and IDP frameworks. 50. From a technical perspective, IDPs outside camps represent a further challenge. The failure to identify and assess the needs of IDPs outside camps in municipal localities, may make it more difficult or impossible for local authorities to justify a request for additional resources or to tap into existing IDPs specific programme. In turn, this may act as a 36 37 38 39 16 See also A/HRC/16/43/Add.1, para. 45, 53. See also A/HRC/16/43/Add.1, paras. 45 and 53, and A/HRC/19/54/Add.2. See also A/HRC/16/43/Add.1, para.55. Ibid, paras. 37-38.