A/HRC/RES/48/15 siege-like tactics in rural Damascus, Dar’a Governate and Qunaytirah Governate may amount to the war crime of collective punishment; 12. Also strongly condemns the targeting of humanitarian workers and persons engaged in medical duties, their means of transport and equipment and hospitals and other medical facilities, including the attack against the deconflicted Atarib cave hospital on 21 March 2021, regarding which the Commission of Inquiry found that pro-government forces may have committed the war crime of directing an attack against a medical facility, and the attack against Al-Shifa hospital on 12 June 2021, and noting in this regard that the Commission of Inquiry found that, while investigations were ongoing to identify the perpetrators, it had reasonable grounds to believe that the war crime of launching indiscriminate attacks resulting in death or injury to civilians may have been committed in relation to the attack against Al-Shifa hospital; 13. Expresses deep concern that the recent increase in violence could result in further displacement of civilians across the Syrian Arab Republic and into other countries, further exacerbating the ongoing crisis that has forced more than 6.6 million refugees to flee the Syrian Arab Republic and more than 6.7 million persons displaced within it, calls upon all parties to the conflict to immediately cease activities that could cause such displacement, including any activities that may amount to war crimes or crimes against humanity, and takes note of the recent finding of the Commission of Inquiry that the Syrian Arab Republic does not yet offer a safe and stable environment for the sustainable and dignified return of refugees or for the 6.7 million persons displaced inside the country; 14. Also expresses deep concern at the situation of those missing, detained and forcibly disappeared in the Syrian Arab Republic, first and foremost by the Syrian regime, and demands that all parties immediately cease the use of involuntary or enforced disappearance or kidnappings, and torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, including sexual and gender-based violence, in places of detention, and all related human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law, recalls Human Rights Council resolution 47/18 of 13 July 2021, notes the Commission of Inquiry’s comment that widespread enforced disappearances have been deliberately perpetrated by Syrian authority security forces on a massive scale throughout the past decade, and its recommendation that an independent mechanism be created with an international mandate to coordinate and consolidate claims regarding missing persons, including persons subjected to enforced disappearance, reiterates the importance of not tampering with or contaminating mass grave sites in the Syrian Arab Republic in this regard, also reiterates its call for all Member States, relevant United Nations bodies, international organizations and civil society to coordinate further efforts and proactively focus attention on the issue of missing persons in the Syrian Arab Republic, including those subjected to enforced disappearance, and recalls the importance of the full and meaningful participation of victims, survivors and their families in such efforts; 15. Welcomes the work of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to establish the extent of civilian casualties in the Syrian Arab Republic, in cooperation with civil society, and emphasizes the importance of such comprehensive, verifiable and transparent records of the casualties of the conflict; 16. Strongly condemns the ongoing terrorist acts and violence committed against civilians by Da’esh, Nusrah Front (also known as Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham) and other terrorist organizations designated by the Security Council, and the abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law throughout the conflict, reaffirms that terrorism, including the actions of Da’esh, cannot and should not be associated with any religion, nationality or civilization, and stresses the importance of the full implementation of Security Council resolution 2170 (2014) of 15 August 2014, and the importance of ensuring accountability for all such abuses of human rights and violations of international humanitarian law; 17. Also strongly condemns the use of chemical weapons in the Syrian Arab Republic, recalls the findings of the Commission of Inquiry and the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons Fact-Finding Mission and Investigation and Identification Team in this regard, reiterates its demand that all parties desist immediately from any use of 4