A/71/282 low incomes to afford healthier food options. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, for example, low-income pregnant women and families receive vouchers to buy dairy and vegetables, and in the United States, the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program gives incentives to spend on fruits and vegetables. 87. Taxation, import restrictions, subsidies and labelling initiatives may, however, be scrutinized for violation of trade agreements. They may also give rise to debates as to whether such governance tools intrude unreasonably on personal and individual freedoms and differing cultural understandings of “nutrition”. 57 4. Behavioural changes, education and dietary guidelines 88. States have recognized the importance of nutrition education, making it mandatory within school curricula or providing education progr ammes targeting cities, workplaces and food providers. Some have initiated campaigns for healthier diets, provide nutrition advice for at-risk individuals or publish food-based dietary guidelines recommending a balanced diet. Dietary guidelines should guid e not only consumer choices but also policy choices. Such initiatives should be culturally sensitive and based on scientific evidence. Brazil’s revised dietary guidelines of 2014 are a good example, as they are comprehensive, take cultural dimensions into account and promote the consumption of minimally processed foods while encouraging sustainable food systems. 5. Influencing the food supply 89. Some countries have understood the need for more systemic changes to improve the nutritional quality of food products available on the market. Overall improvements can be achieved through dialogue with the food industry to reformulate food products by setting targets to reduce salt and fats, eliminate trans -fats and make products less energy dense, or put a cap on portion size. Good examples include schemes to collaborate with food suppliers to provide healthier ingredients for public entities serving food, or requirements that a certain percentage of food products be sourced from agroecological farms. Other init iatives focus on improving the accessibility of healthy foods at retail outlets, for example by providing incentives to set up “healthy” food enterprises in deprived neighbourhoods or placing planning restrictions on fast food outlets. 90. While the above-mentioned examples are positive indications, national policies are often fragmented, and it is crucial to go further to encourage States to implement comprehensive plans to combat malnutrition in all its forms. 91. Several helpful initiatives exist to assist policymakers in ensuring nutrition accountability. For example, the WHO global database on the implementation of nutrition action set forth national policy actions and strategies to eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Similarly, the International Netwo rk for Food and Obesity/ Non-Communicable Diseases Research, Monitoring and Action Support (INFORMAS), an international collaboration of universities and global non-governmental organizations, seeks to monitor, benchmark and support actions __________________ 57 16-13441 David Adam Friedman, “Public health regulation and the limits of paternalism”, Connecticut Law Review, vol. 46, No. 5 (July 2014); Katherine Pratt, “The limits of anti-obesity public heath paternalism: another view”, Connecticut Law Review, vol. 46, No. 5 (July 2014). 21/24