A/HRC/47/38 and psychosocial support, among other services. 30 International human rights obligations concerning sexual and reproductive health rights are complementary to those in international humanitarian, refugee and criminal law. 31 The Working Group recalls that non-State actors, such as armed groups, are also obliged to respect international human rights. 32 21. The Programme of Action of the International Conference on Population and Development, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development include commitments to achieve gender equality by ensuring a range of sexual and reproductive health rights for women and girls. The importance of ensuring access to the full range of sexual and reproductive health services during and after a conflict has been highlighted by the Security Council, in its resolution 2122 (2013) on women and peace and security. More recently, in its resolutions 75/156 and 75/157, the General Assembly called for the allocation of resources to ensure the continuation of universal access to health-care services, including sexual and reproductive health-care services, within the responses to COVID-19. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, 2015–2030, encompasses social safety net mechanisms that integrate sexual and reproductive health (para. 30 (j)). In the Granada Consensus on sexual and reproductive health in protracted crises and recovery, participants called for the prioritization of sexual and reproductive health.33 C. Main factors underlying and exacerbating the risks and threats 1. Discriminatory laws, policies and practices 22. Denial of access to various forms of reproductive health care, such as maternal health care, including emergency obstetric care, and the criminalization of abortion is a profound failure to meet the obligation to guarantee equality in the area of sexual and reproductive health.34 The denial of access to a full range of contraceptive information and services, as well as the failure to remove barriers to access, including stereotypes portraying women’s “natural role” as mothers to justify such denial, constitutes a form of discrimination against women and girls, which puts their well-being at risk.35 23. Violations of sexual and reproductive health rights are linked to structural discrimination. Such violations take many forms, including forced sterilization, forced abortion, forced pregnancy, as well as the criminalization of abortion, denial or delay of safe abortion and/or post-abortion care, the forced continuation of pregnancy and the abuse and mistreatment of women and girls seeking sexual and reproductive health information, goods and services, which have been recognized as forms of gender-based violence, and which may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. 36 The prosecution and imprisonment of women and girls for miscarriages and stillbirths is discriminatory and violates a broad range of human rights. 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 14 (2000) and general comment No. 22 (2016); Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 24 (1999) and general recommendation No. 30 (2013); Inter-Agency Working Group on Reproductive Health in Crisis, “Field manual on reproductive health in humanitarian settings”, 2018; A/HRC/32/44; and Working Group, position paper, “Women’s autonomy”. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 30 (2013), para. 19. Ibid. See also www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?News ID=26797&LangID=E. See www.who.int/hac/techguidance/pht/reproductive_health_protracted_crises_and_recovery.pdf. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22 (2016); A/HRC/21/22; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Da Silva Pimentel v. Brazil (CEDAW/C/49/D/17/2008); CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1; and A/HRC/32/44. See also Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 24 (1999) and general recommendations No. 33 (2015). CEDAW/C/OP.8/PHL/1, paras. 33, 36 and 43; and Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, general comment No. 22 (2016), para. 28. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, general recommendation No. 35 (2017). See also A/74/137. 7