A/HRC/RES/46/22 against humanity, are identified and held accountable, demands that the Syrian authorities cooperate fully with the Council and the Commission of Inquiry by granting the Commission immediate, full and unfettered access throughout the Syrian Arab Republic, and urges all States to cooperate with the Commission in the discharge of its mandate; 7. Reaffirms the importance of establishing appropriate processes and mechanisms to achieve justice, reconciliation, truth and accountability for violations and abuses of international human rights law and violations of international humanitarian law, and reparations and effective remedies for victims and survivors, and the prerequisite role that accountability and transitional justice mechanisms, with the meaningful participation of victims, can play in any effort to bring about a sustainable, inclusive and peaceful conclusion to the conflict, welcomes in this regard victim-led initiatives on truth and justice, and also welcomes the significant endeavours of the Commission of Inquiry and the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism to Assist in the Investigation and Prosecution of Persons Responsible for the Most Serious Crimes under International Law Committed in the Syrian Arab Republic since March 2011, while noting the important role that the International Criminal Court can play in this regard; 8. Welcomes the efforts by States to investigate conduct in the Syrian Arab Republic and to prosecute crimes within their jurisdiction committed in the Syrian Arab Republic, as appropriate, encourages them to continue to do so and to share relevant information between States, as well as with relevant justice mechanisms such as the International, Impartial and Independent Mechanism, in accordance with their national legislation and international law, and encourages other States to consider doing the same; 9. Notes, with regard to all human rights violations and abuses and violations of international humanitarian law throughout the course of the conflict, the differential impact and ways that they have been experienced according to victims’ gender, age, disability status, profession, political beliefs, membership in religious and ethnic communities and other circumstances and characteristics, and the compounding effect of experiencing multiple violations and/or abuses; 10. Reiterates the applicable responsibilities and obligations of all parties under international human rights law and obligations under international humanitarian law, demands that all parties fulfil them, highlights the primary responsibility of the Syrian authorities to protect the Syrian civilian population and the obligation of the Syrian Arab Republic to respect, protect and fulfil the human rights of all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction, deplores the failure to do so, and expresses its concern in particular about some of the systematic and emblematic violations and abuses that have defined the situation in the Syrian Arab Republic; 11. Deeply deplores in this regard the fact that the civilian population continues to bear the brunt of the conflict and that civilians, as well as objects indispensible to their survival, continue to be targets of deliberate and indiscriminate attacks, including with prohibited weapons and munitions, notably by the regime and its State and non-State allies, expresses deep concern about the number of civilian casualties, including those killed or maimed by landmines, explosive remnants of war and improvised explosive devices, and notes with deep concern the findings of the Commission of Inquiry regarding the commission of war crimes and crimes against humanity in this regard; 12. Strongly condemns the continued use of arbitrary detention, torture and illtreatment, including through sexual and gender-based violence, involuntary or enforced disappearance and summary executions, which the Commission of Inquiry recently noted had been carried out with consistency, in particular by the Syrian authorities, but also by other parties to the conflict; 13. Also strongly condemns the fact that tens of thousands of individuals have been killed in custody of the regime and that in detention centres rape and sexual violence have been used, including against children, as a tool to punish, humiliate and instil fear, recalls with deep concern the findings of the Commission of Inquiry that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the Syrian authorities carried out a widespread and systematic attack against the civilian population, in pursuance of a firmly established policy, comprising the crimes against humanity of murder, extermination, imprisonment, enforced disappearance, 3