Search Tips
sorted by
30 shown of 46 entities
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The Commission is also concerned that countries affected by natural disasters are less likely to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, and further notes that women and girls are disproportionately affected by natural disasters. It further recognizes that women play a vital role in disaster risk reduction, response and recovery, including rehabilitation and reconstruction, and the need to enhance women's access, capacities and opportunities to effectively and equally participate in the prevention and preparedness efforts and response to disasters.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- The Commission is concerned that several indicators to monitor the Millennium Development Goals are not disaggregated by sex, age and other factors and therefore do not provide sufficient information about the situation of women and girls throughout their life cycle, including those on poverty, hunger, environmental sustainability and a global partnership for development, while others are still limited, such as those related to goal 3, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The Commission also recognizes that insufficient priority given to and significant underinvestment in gender equality and the empowerment of women in the realization of the human rights of women and girls continue to limit progress on the Millennium Development Goals for girls and women of all ages, their families and communities, and for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development. It stresses that the available resources, through domestic resource mobilization and official development assistance, and their allocation remain a concern and are often inadequate to the task.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Access and participation of women and girls in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women's equal access to full employment and decent work 2011, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- The Commission expresses continued concern at the negative impact of the global crises, such as the financial and economic crisis, the food crisis and continuing food insecurity, and the energy crisis, as well as the challenges posed by poverty, natural disasters and climate change, on the empowerment of women and girls, including their access and participation in education, training, science and technology.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Access and participation of women and girls in education, training and science and technology, including for the promotion of women's equal access to full employment and decent work 2011, para. 22ss
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions, as appropriate:] [Making science and technology responsive to women's needs]: Respect, preserve and maintain women's traditional knowledge and innovation while recognizing the potential of rural and indigenous women to contribute to the production of science and technology and of new knowledge to improve their lives and those of their families and communities;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 4l
- Paragraph text
- [Urges Governments and, where appropriate, United Nations entities, civil society, including non-governmental organizations and the private sector, and other stakeholders:] To ensure equal access for women and men to, and their equal participation in, natural hazard early warning systems, promote disaster risk reduction planning at the national, subnational and community levels, taking into account the specific needs, views and all human rights of women, girls, boys and men, and raise public awareness and provide training at all levels on gender-responsive approaches to disaster risk reduction, including in the areas of science and technology;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 4p
- Paragraph text
- [Urges Governments and, where appropriate, United Nations entities, civil society, including non-governmental organizations and the private sector, and other stakeholders:] To recognize and further promote the role of civil society, including community-based organizations, women's and adolescent girls' organizations and volunteers, in disaster risk reduction planning and management and in promoting the building of an inclusive, disaster-resilient society that ensures women's full participation;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 4n
- Paragraph text
- [Urges Governments and, where appropriate, United Nations entities, civil society, including non-governmental organizations and the private sector, and other stakeholders:] To systematically collect, analyse and utilize demographic and socioeconomic data and information disaggregated by sex, age and disability, among other factors, for the purpose of contextual social and gender analysis and for identifying and addressing the differing coping strategies, needs, capacities, knowledge and priorities and vulnerabilities of women, girls, boys and men, continue to develop gender indicators and analyse gender differences, including through gender-responsive needs assessment, participatory planning processes and methodologies, and integrate this information into disaster risk reduction and management policies and programmes in order to ensure programme and policy effectiveness and reduce the loss of life and livelihoods;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Bearing in mind that natural disasters affect human lives and living conditions thereafter, and have a more direct and adverse impact on women and girls, as well as vulnerable persons within groups such as children, older persons and persons with disabilities, and that natural disasters have different impacts on men and women, owing to social exclusion, gender inequality, gender stereotypes, different family responsibilities, discrimination against women and poverty, as well as the lack of equal access to adequate services, information, economic opportunities, entitlements, justice and safety,
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Men
- Older persons
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Mainstreaming gender equality and promoting empowerment of women in climate change policies and strategies 2011, para. 7
- Paragraph text
- Calls upon Governments, United Nations programmes, funds and agencies and other relevant bodies involved in implementing climate change policies to take the measures necessary to enable women to participate fully in all levels of decision-making relevant to climate change, and to facilitate and provide training on the protection, rights and the particular needs of women and girls and to promote gender balance and gender sensitivity among their representatives and staff;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2011
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls 2013, para. 34q
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges governments, at all levels[...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening implementation of legal and policy frameworks and accountability]: Ensure that the specific needs of women and girls are incorporated into the planning, delivery and monitoring of, and infrastructure for, disaster risk reduction programmes and protocols and humanitarian assistance to address natural disasters, including those induced by climate change such as extreme weather events and slow onset impacts, with their full participation, and that in disaster preparedness efforts and in post-disaster settings, the prevention of and response to all forms of violence against women and girls, including sexual violence, are prioritized and adequately addressed;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Mar 10, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42cc
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Realizing women's and girls' full enjoyment of all human rights]: Recognize, resource and support programmes that advance gender equality and women's rights in all areas of economic activities, including fisheries and aquaculture, to address food security and nutrition, and meaningfully facilitate women's contributions to small-scale and artisan fisheries and aquaculture, commercial fisheries, and the use and care of oceans and seas;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Political Declaration on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women 2015, para. undefined
- Paragraph text
- Having gathered at the fifty-ninth session of the Commission on the Status of Women, in New York, on the occasion of the twentieth anniversary of the Fourth World Conference on Women, held in Beijing in 1995, to undertake a review and appraisal of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome documents of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, entitled “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”, including current challenges that affect the implementation of the Platform for Action and the realization of women's and girls' full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and the achievement of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls throughout their life cycle, as well as to ensure the acceleration of the implementation of the Platform for Action and to use opportunities, in the post-2015 development agenda, for the integration of a gender perspective into economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, and with a commitment to ensuring the mainstreaming of a gender perspective into the preparations for and the integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to all the major United Nations conferences and summits in the development, economic, social, environmental, humanitarian and related fields so that they effectively contribute to the realization of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls,
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2015
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 23z
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission [...] urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Fostering enabling environments for financing gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls]: Reiterate the need for gender mainstreaming, including targeted actions and investments in the formulation and implementation of all financial, economic, environmental and social policies, and adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation and transformative actions for the promotion of gender equality and women's and girls' empowerment at all levels;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 23h
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission [...] urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening normative, legal and policy frameworks]: Promote a socially responsible and accountable private sector that acts in line with, among others, the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework, the International Labour Organization Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, labour, environmental and health standards, and the Women's Empowerment Principles established by the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and the Global Compact, in order to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls and the realization of their full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 4
- Paragraph text
- The Commission reaffirms the commitments to gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls made at relevant United Nations summits and conferences, including the International Conference on Population and Development and its Programme of Action and the key actions for its further implementation. The Commission also reaffirms commitments to gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls made at the United Nations summit for the adoption of the post-2015 development agenda, as well as the recognition of gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls at the Third United Nations World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, the Third International Conference on Financing for Development and the twenty-first session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and recalls the Global Leaders' Meeting on Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment: A Commitment to Action, held on 27 September 2015, and the meeting of the Security Council, held on 13 October 2015, on women and peace and security.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The Commission reiterates its concern over the challenge climate change poses to the achievement of sustainable development and that women and girls, who face inequality and discrimination, are often disproportionately affected by the impacts of climate change and other environmental issues, including, inter alia, desertification, deforestation, dust storms, natural disasters, persistent drought, extreme weather events, sea level rise, coastal erosion and ocean acidification. Furthermore, the Commission recognizes, in line with the Paris Agreement under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that countries should, when taking action to address climate change, respect, promote, and consider gender equality and the empowerment of women and girls.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42qq
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening the enabling environment for gender equality and the empowerment of women]: Prioritize and mainstream gender equality perspectives in all social, economic and environmental policies and programmes to implement the Millennium Development Goals, including national development policies and strategies to eradicate poverty, and gender-responsive budgeting and public expenditure allocation processes, establish and strengthen institutional mechanisms for gender mainstreaming at the local, national and regional levels, and promote and ensure the implementation of national legal frameworks and the coordination between branches of government to ensure gender equality;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42rr
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening the enabling environment for gender equality and the empowerment of women]: Promote equal opportunities and the full and equal participation of women and men as agents and beneficiaries of people-centred sustainable development, and reaffirm that the eradication of poverty based on sustained economic growth, social development, environmental protection and social justice requires the involvement of women in economic and social development;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 23u
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission [...] urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening normative, legal and policy frameworks]: Recognize the important role and contribution of rural women and girls, as well as local communities, to food security, poverty eradication, environmental sustainability and sustainable development and commit to supporting their empowerment, and ensure rural women's full, equal and effective participation in society, the economy and political decision-making;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Women's empowerment and the link to sustainable development 2016, para. 23l
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission [...] urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening normative, legal and policy frameworks]: Recognize the critical role of women as agents of change and leaders in addressing climate change, and promote a gender-responsive approach, the integration of a gender perspective and the empowerment of women and girls in environmental, climate change and disaster risk reduction strategies, financing, policies and processes, towards achieving the meaningful and equal participation of women in decision-making at all levels on environmental issues and towards building the resilience of women and girls to the adverse effects of climate change;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2016
- Date modified
- Feb 26, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 42tt
- Paragraph text
- [The Commission urges Governments, at all levels [...] to take the following actions:] [Strengthening the enabling environment for gender equality and the empowerment of women]: Promote the integration of a gender perspective in environmental and climate change policies and strengthen mechanisms and provide adequate resources to ensure women's full and equal participation in decision-making at all levels on environmental issues, in particular on strategies and policies related to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events and slow onset impacts, including drought, ocean acidification, sea-level rise and loss of biodiversity on the lives of women and girls, and ensure a comprehensive approach to address the hardships faced by women and girls by integrating their specific needs into humanitarian responses to natural disasters and into the planning, delivery and monitoring of disaster risk reduction policies to address natural disasters and climate change, and ensuring sustainable natural resources management;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Women and the environment 1997, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- All relevant actors should be encouraged to work in partnership with adolescent girls and boys, utilizing both formal and non-formal educational training activities, inter alia, through sustainable consumption patterns and responsible use of natural resources.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Adolescents
- Boys
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 1997
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Indigenous women: key actors in poverty and hunger eradication 2012, para. 12
- Paragraph text
- Concerned also that the adverse impacts of climate change on women and girls, including indigenous women, can be exacerbated by gender inequality, discrimination and poverty,
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Women, the girl child and HIV/AIDS 1999, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- Also urges Governments, with the assistance of relevant United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to create an environment and conditions that will take care of and support children orphaned by AIDS;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 1999
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- The Commission is deeply concerned that climate change poses a challenge to the achievement of sustainable development and that women and girls are disproportionately affected by the impacts of desertification, deforestation and natural disasters, persistent drought, extreme weather events, sea-level rise, coastal erosion and ocean acidification, and is also deeply concerned that the adverse impacts of climate change on women and girls, especially those living in poverty, can be exacerbated by gender inequality and discrimination, and expresses profound alarm that greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise globally, remains deeply concerned that all countries, particularly developing countries, are vulnerable to the adverse impacts of climate change and are already experiencing increased impacts, including persistent drought and extreme weather events, sea-level rise, coastal erosion and ocean acidification further threatening food security and efforts to eradicate poverty and achieve sustainable development, and in this regard emphasizes that adaptation to climate change represents an immediate and urgent global priority.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls 2014, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The Commission notes that with regard to Millennium Development Goal 7 (environmental sustainability), while progress has been made globally in access to safe drinking water, progress on access to basic sanitation has been particularly slow, and the target is likely to be missed, with serious implications for women and girls, especially those living in vulnerable conditions. The Commission expresses concern that the lack of access to safe drinking water particularly affects women and girls and that they frequently bear the burden for its collection in rural and urban areas, and further recognizes the need for further improvement in this regard. The Commission further notes that the lack of adequate sanitation facilities disproportionately affects women and girls, including their labour force and school participation rates, and increases their vulnerability to violence. The Commission further notes that women and girls are often disproportionally affected by desertification, deforestation, natural disasters and climate change owing to gender inequalities and the dependence of many women on natural resources for their livelihoods.
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- CSW Agreed Conclusions / Declaration
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 5
- Paragraph text
- Noting that natural disasters can lead to widespread and prolonged displacement, which increases the vulnerability, in particular of women and girls, to gender-based violence and to negative coping strategies, creates barriers to their ability to access education, employment and health-care and other crucial services, and separates them from support networks,
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 4e
- Paragraph text
- [Urges Governments and, where appropriate, United Nations entities, civil society, including non-governmental organizations and the private sector, and other stakeholders:] To ensure the full enjoyment by women and girls of all human rights in every phase of disaster risk reduction, response and recovery;
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Gender equality and the empowerment of women in natural disasters 2014, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- Reaffirming the commitments regarding women and girls affected by natural disasters in the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly, and reaffirming also that the outcomes stressed the need to incorporate a gender perspective into disaster risk reduction, response and recovery strategies,
- Body
- Commission on the Status of Women
- Document type
- Resolution
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph