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A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2012
- Document code
- A/HRC/19/54
Document
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- While common images of IDPs often portray them as living compactly in large camps, spontaneous informal settlements or collective IDP centres, the reality is that most IDPs live outside these clearly defined settings, or "outside camps". The expression IDPs outside camps in this report refers to IDPs who may live instead in a variety of settings or situations; they may be in urban, rural, or remote areas, renting, owning a housing, sharing a room, living with a host family, homeless, occupying a building or land that they do not own, or living in makeshift shelters and slums. A number of factors often result in the neglect and virtual "invisibility" of IDPs outside camps, thereby affecting their access to protection, assistance and durable solutions to their displacement. While the importance of the issue has gained increased recognition over the last several years, more concerted attention is necessary, including by the international community, in order to achieve a more equitable humanitarian response and lasting solutions for IDPs outside camps, as well as better support structures to communities which may be hosting them. Such an approach also ensures compliance with international law relating to IDPs, including international humanitarian and human rights law, regional instruments such as the Kampala Convention, and with international standards such as the Guiding Principles, which provide guarantees of non-discrimination and make no distinction between IDPs in or outside camps or other settings.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The following report is intended as a contribution by the Special Rapporteur towards a larger process which will require consultations and the continued engagement of a broad range of stakeholders. It highlights why IDPs outside camps require specific interventions by national authorities, humanitarian and development actors, and details 3 specific areas of focus, namely, IDPs in urban contexts, host communities, and the role of provincial and municipal authorities. This report is also in follow-up to previous work by the mandate on the issue, including: reports to the Human Rights Council which identify this as a key challenge in the field of internal displacement and a priority area for the mandate; steps bringing it to the attention of the wider humanitarian community via the IASC; and specific attention to the issue in the context of country visits by the mandate. Several other areas of special relevance to IDPs outside camps are also mentioned in this report, such as data collection, and suggested for attention by relevant actors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur acknowledges that several other aspects relating to IDPs outside camps may also need attention or require more specific analysis than is provided in this initial contribution, including assistance to IDPs living in rural or isolated settings, and possible distinctions between natural disaster, conflict and complex emergency situations. He further acknowledges the valuable comments made in the course of previous consultations, including discussions within the IASC in July 2010, during which both substantive and process issues were raised on how to achieve a more equitable humanitarian response to IDPs outside camps. These point to the range and complexity of the issues and the need for an ongoing process of developing expertise and enhanced operational response by all concerned actors. The Special Rapporteur intends to maintain close engagement with national and international stakeholders on all of these issues, in addition to the particular aspects addressed in the present report.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- An estimated 27.5 million people in the world today remain displaced within their own countries due to armed conflict, generalized violence and human rights violations. An additional 42 million were internally displaced due to sudden-onset natural disasters in the course of 2010. It is estimated that only a minority of these live in camp-like settings. Although camps have their own particular disadvantages (e.g. isolation from the community, dependency on external assistance) it has generally been considered easier to provide assistance to IDPs living in collective settlements than to those dispersed throughout the population. The former are more visible to authorities, easier to distinguish from the local population, and delivery of services is rendered logistically simpler than when communities are dispersed. In the case of persons displaced due to generalised violence and armed conflict, it has been found that "in countries where IDPs were living in both gathered and dispersed settings, national authorities and humanitarian actors were twice as likely to provide assistance and protection to IDPs in gathered settings than to those in dispersed settings".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Numerous guidance tools and coordination structures to respond to the needs of IDPs living in camps, such as the Camp Coordination and Camp Management Cluster, have been developed over the years. By contrast, relatively little exists for IDPs outside camps. A number of factors often converge to focus assistance and attention to IDPs in camp situations. In many case, camps or settlements are constituted spontaneously by mass influxes of IDPs seeking protection and assistance, or in reaction to emergency situations in which immediate and often life-saving responses require concentrated assistance in certain areas (e.g. sites of natural disasters). With the passage of time, however, protracted displacement in artificial camp settings has often given rise to important humanitarian, protection and development concerns, for the IDP population, the country and sometimes for a region as a whole. In some instances, they may even become a pull factor for poor sectors of the population who may move into camps in order to have access to its basic services and assistance, thus compounding the problem.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- In this regard, weaknesses in response systems, such as the gap between humanitarian, and early recovery and development interventions (which promote durable solutions), have been recognized and are increasingly being discussed. The Special Rapporteur is of the view that in addition to addressing such weaknesses, a more effective and systematized management of IDPs outside camps can also improve the overall response to internal displacement, anchor it within a human rights based approach, and contribute to durable solutions. Moreover, he notes that the benefits of improved responses to IDPs outside camps may become increasingly relevant in the context of global trends such as rapid global urbanization, and climate change induced displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Relevant normative frameworks, including international and regional human rights instruments and international standards on internal displacement, all emphasize the primary responsibility of national authorities for providing protection and assistance to IDPs. The first concrete task in the discharge of this responsibility is the collection of data and "credible information on the numbers, locations and conditions of the internally displaced [which] is essential to designing effective policies and programs to address their needs and protect their rights". Yet, a recent survey of 15 displacement-affected countries found a striking lack of accurate figures on IDPs outside of camps. Establishing this information at the outset and during displacement is a fundamental step but is often jeopardized by the lack of effective and timely data collection and response systems. Such systems are especially crucial in the early phase of an emergency and at the first site to which IDPs have fled, in order to ensure that IDPs who later become dispersed within the larger population (rather than remaining in camps), can be followed up on and assisted. In some cases, political or financial pressures may limit or inflate the numbers of IDPs, as can the methodology, scope and timelines of data collection or registration procedures for example. Particularly in conflict situations, data collection and registration procedures, should contain sufficient safeguards to protect the confidentiality and human rights of IDPs, and ensure the purely humanitarian nature of the exercise. The collaboration of the international community in such exercises, amongst other measures, could contribute to such safeguards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- At times, information and data collection on internal displacement will only be possible or take place when IDPs are already dispersed and mixed within the wider population. IDPs may prefer not to be identified at the beginning of displacement due to security concerns, or data collection systems may simply not yet be in place. New and different methodologies are usually required in order to gather data on IDPs in these contexts. Important efforts have been made in recent years, to improve data-collection methodologies at these different stages and in different contexts of internal displacement. These include methodologies, such as: profiling which can be used to estimate figures and needs of IDPs outside camps; population-tracking mechanisms; disaggregated data collection techniques (according to location, age, gender etc) and vulnerability criteria, which enable more targeted assistance; household surveys which permit the identification of IDP needs while avoiding singling them out; and community outreach approaches, which use local partners and community structures to identify and reach out to IDPs. However, continued efforts in this regard, both of a technical nature and in terms of awareness-raising, are necessary. In many countries, included those visited by this mandate, the lack of effective and timely data collection and profiling systems, have resulted in a lack of identification and assistance to large numbers of IDPs outside camps, with a direct impact on their human rights and durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- There has often been an implicit assumption that IDPs living outside of camps are less in need of protection and assistance because they are being cared for by family, neighbours or friends, or that they have somehow found a solution on their own. While some may indeed have elected to stay out of camps because they did not want or need assistance, and others managed to progress towards durable solutions on their own, many IDPs outside camps are not in these situations. In some cases, IDPs may need the assistance and protection of an organized camp, but may not have that option: they may be displaced in isolated or remote locations (where there is no camp or host community), not be able to physically make it to camp areas, fear detection by authorities, or camps may be simply be closed or discouraged due to government policies. Moreover, even when IDPs outside camps benefit from initial resources and the support and structures of a host community, these resources tend to degrade over time. In many cases IDPs with sufficient resources to cope in the initial months of displacement, often find these quickly dwindling as they struggle with the high costs of housing, lack of access to land and livelihoods, inability to access social services, the loss of most of their material possessions, and the absence of their usual support structures. As a result, some IDPs outside camps may become more vulnerable over time.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, while family, friends and communities may initially welcome and assist IDPs, when their stay drags on, for months or years, strains on resources may lead to an eventual breaking point and the need for IDPs to find alternative assistance or living arrangements, often resulting in secondary movements and a more precarious situation. Even when specific IDP assistance exists in the form of food or other emergency assistance, distribution of assistance to non-camp IDPs, often tends to be one-off distributions at the beginning of displacement rather than the sustained assistance which is needed. Similarly, while State assistance programmes may sometimes be available for vulnerable groups in society, these will often be insufficient to take into account the heightened needs brought about by displacement, may be contingent on local residency or identity documents which IDPs may not be able to provide, or IDPs may not access them out of fear of drawing attention to themselves, for security reasons. Discrimination on the basis of their being displaced may also create an additional barrier to accessing State services. The considerations below aim to provide an initial framework for strengthening humanitarian and development responses to the needs of IDPs outside camps and those of their host communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Recent trends in internal displacement point to a significant and growing number of IDPs living in urban areas, the majority of whom do not live in formal camps. Once in urban environments, IDPs tend to live mixed among the general population and become difficult to identify, protect or assist. Many reasons compel IDPs to move to urban areas, including employment opportunities and in some cases the relative safety of anonymity. By 2030 it is estimated that urban populations will exceed 5 billion and that 80 per cent of these will live in urban centres in the developing world - regions where urban growth is accentuated by increasing number of refugees and IDPs who tend to move to cities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- Urban areas are viewed by many IDPs as environments where they can rebuild their lives, have better access to public services, employment opportunities, and resources, either for an interim period or on a long-term basis. With the necessary support systems, urban planning and frameworks, many cities and towns can offer more likely sites for local integration than segregated IDP camps or remote and rural displacement locations. At the same time, IDPs outside camps who live in urban settings - and particularly certain categories of vulnerable groups or those with few resources or support - are often exposed to a number of dangers. As newcomers with little, if any, access to financial resources, documents or proof of income necessary to rent housing elsewhere, IDPs often have to resort to living in slum areas or dangerous and impoverished parts of a city which offers no security of tenure, less access to services, are more prone to disasters, and make them potential targets of urban violence, forced evictions and secondary displacements. The high rents characterizing many urban centres around the world, a trend also likely to increase, render IDPs particularly vulnerable to homelessness and to precarious housing situations - thus contributing to the increase in slums. In the context of the visit to Iraq by this mandate in late 2010, it was found that in Baghdad alone more than 200,000 persons, many of whom were believed to be IDPs, were living in slum settlements, in inadequate shelters, with little or no access to water, and other services such as sanitation and garbage collection. IDPs in many of these sites, who resorted to living there due to an inability to pay high rents or of their host families to continue supporting them, were also at risk of imminent eviction.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- During his recent country visit to Kenya in September 2011, the Special Rapporteur found that of an estimated 664,000 IDPs resulting from the 2007/2008 post-election violence in the country, over 300,000 had dispersed into the wider population (many in towns and cities) and neither been registered nor assisted by the State. Many displaced in previous cycles of displacement (e.g.1990s) in Kenya were also unassisted. While it is generally presumed that these IDPs found their own solution through host families and friends, the Special Rapporteur remains concerned that many of these IDPs, a large part of whom had already been poor, had seen their situation further deteriorate and could be living in urban slums or on the street. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur received reports of a significant increase in street children, many of whom were believed to be IDPs, in a number of large towns and cities since the 2007/2008 post- election violence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- While in many cases, non-camp IDPs living in impoverished urban environments have many needs in common with others living in these environments, they also have specific needs and should be part of assistance programmes, and political and durable solutions strategies to address internal displacement in the country. This process may include, but is nonetheless distinct from the general socio-economic and development challenges related to urban poverty. Failing to recognize this often results in a "policy by default" which only treats IDPs within the wider, and often intractable problem of the urban poor. The Special Rapporteur believes that a combined approach, which includes community-based approaches and punctual IDP specific interventions is necessary in most contexts - in order to address IDP specific needs, constraints, human rights concerns and durable solutions, while taking into account the wider host community needs. Moreover, such an approach prevents harm through the exacerbation of poverty resulting from the neglect of specific IDP needs and solutions to their displacement. Assisting IDPs, particularly when combined with support to host communities, can reduce overcrowding, joblessness, poverty, homelessness and consolidate peace and reconstruction efforts, for the benefit of IDPs and the city as a whole.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- In situations where mass internal displacement is due to political, ethnic or sectarian violence, addressing internal displacement is also necessary to national reconciliation and peace processes. IDPs dispersed in urban areas should be included and participate in such processes, and related durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The predicted increase in internal displacement due to the effects of climate change and related frequency and severity of natural disasters is a further factor pointing to the need to develop a more consistent, equitable and systemized response to IDPs outside camps. The erosion of livelihoods, in part provoked by climate change, is considered a key "push" factor for the increase in rural to urban displacement and migration, most of which is likely to be to urban slums and informal settlements offering precarious living conditions. The Special Rapporteur believes that the urban dimensions of climate-change-induced displacement should be a key consideration in medium and long-term national development strategies, as well as adaptation measures.. These should include strengthened systems to monitor influxes of IDPs, and to address the assistance and durable solutions needs of IDPs outside camps living in urban areas. IDPs, who are more likely to be unlisted and undocumented, are also likely to have less access to services and livelihoods, and to live in slum areas which are often situated in hazard-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfill sites -thereby making them vulnerable to further risks, including to their physical safety, the loss of housing, and secondary displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- In addition to displacement into cities, natural disasters, violence and conflict are also likely to cause complex intra-city displacement, such as was the case in Haiti in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake. By virtue of the concentration of populations, resources, assets and services in cities, the impact of damages to cities due to conflict or natural disasters can be especially debilitating, including to humanitarian and recovery efforts. In such situations, an approach which addresses IDP-specific needs, as well as wider community needs (e.g. infrastructure and basic services needs) through a neighbourhood- or community-based approach, as has been advocated by this mandate, will likely be the most beneficial.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- While IDPs living in both camp and non-camp settings are greatly affected by relations with host communities, non-camp IDPs are particularly entwined with their hosts, as in many cases, they may not be able to rely on other actors such as international organizations or aid groups. In one analysis of IDP trends, it was found that in the majority of countries reviewed, most IDPs in non-camp settings had no assistance beyond that provided by the host community or host family. Better understanding of the role and specific assistance provided by host communities may therefore suggest ways of supporting them in their effort to assist the displaced living among them.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The term "host community" has been used to depict a community hosting a camp, or a non-camp population. However it has also become a "catch-all" term, which often obscures the complexity and variety of communities in which IDPs live. The kinds of host communities vary widely across contexts. In many cases, 'host communities' simply refers to communities in which relatives or friends take in a family member. At other times, they refer to communities in locations to which IDPs have fled and remain during their period of displacement. Often host communities and host families may be poor or living in precarious conditions themselves. They may lack physical security, adequate access to basic services, and may have been impacted by conflict or a natural disaster as well. In some cases host communities are receiving new arrivals while in others they may be reintegrating returnees. In other contexts, such as those subject to repeated or cyclical displacements, host communities may be made up of IDPs who have simply been displaced longer.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Despite these challenges, host communities are often the key to ensuring essential assistance services to IDPs, to the work of humanitarian organizations, and to finding durable solutions. They are most often the "first responders" to a crisis, and may welcome, support and assist IDPs upon their arrival. But as displacement becomes protracted, tensions can often result due to competition over scarce resources, employment opportunities, or from underlying religious, ethnic, cultural or other differences - frequently related to or exacerbated by the conflict causing the displacement in the first place. Without IDP frameworks and institutions in place to respond to the particular context and needs of IDPs living within these communities, these tensions and competition over resources and services will usually have a disproportionate impact on the most vulnerable IDP groups, such as female-headed households, children and older persons, and leave them exposed to human rights violations, exploitation and poverty.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Older persons
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- Tensions may also arise due to perceptions by host communities that their own needs are being neglected or that IDPs are receiving preferential treatment. A recent study in two urban neighbourhoods in Bogota, Colombia, found tensions between host communities and IDPs, due largely to IDPs being regarded as receiving preferential treatment in a context of widespread urban poverty. In Guinea, host communities struggling to rebuild after attacks on their community, became increasingly vulnerable as they shared meagre resources with IDPs. While some of these challenges can also arise in the context of IDP camps, IDPs who live within the community will be especially affected given their level of dependency on informal community support. In this respect, a greater focus on assisting host communities in tandem with IDP assistance in order to prevent tensions, inequalities or the increasing vulnerability of hosts is a challenge for both development and humanitarian actors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- A number of actors, both national and international, have already been implementing a community-based approach to IDP assistance and protection programmes, or have included IDPs in wider community projects, such as poverty reduction strategies and livelihood projects. Many of the experiences gained in the implementation of such initiatives provide valuable lessons learnt or good practices. Yet, these often remain discreet, ad hoc, or undocumented. As a result they have not articulated or included in efforts to strengthen and systematize the overall humanitarian and development response to IDPs outside camps. However, some initial steps have more recently been taken in this regard: the issue of IDPs outside camps was discussed within the IASC in 2010, and several agencies or IASC sub-groups have initiated their own review or other processes, such as the collection of good practices. This mandate has also included considerations relating to IDPs outside camps and community-based approaches, in the course of country visits, and the development of guidance tools. More concerted and comprehensive efforts however, will continue to be necessary in this regard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has consistently encouraged donors, humanitarian and development agencies to expand their focus to supporting the communities which host IDPs. He believes that while the displacement-specific needs of IDPs must be addressed, a community based approach which also addresses the needs of displacement-affected communities and host families is necessary. The development of more predictable support systems, good practices and standards for this purpose would greatly facilitate such strategies. The Special Rapporteur is also of the opinion, however, that in order to be successful, assistance to displacement-affected communities and IDPs must often go beyond the delivering of humanitarian aid and include recovery and development interventions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Improved and more systematized responses to IDPs outside camps, can also help address a number of other issues, including the precarious nature and protection problems raised by unmonitored and unassisted hosting arrangements such as those between IDPs and host families or friends. Highly or entirely dependent on the assistance and shelter provided by host families, certain groups of IDPs, such as vulnerable categories of women, children and the elderly, may be particularly at risk of a number of protection concerns, including abuse, exploitation, and sexual violence by their hosts. In this regard, this mandate has recommended the establishment of appropriate monitoring and ombuds-mechanisms, and other activities such as visits by social workers, working with local associations and counselling centres, and the establishment of a hotline, in order enhance the protection of IDPs living within host-family arrangements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- The establishment of emergency assistance and complementary support structures are also necessary in order to address situations when host family arrangements break down or are insufficient. In many cases, the assistance and hospitality provided by hosts may be primarily based on affiliations with some members of the family and not others (e.g. one of the spouses), so that when the nuclear IDP family disintegrates during the period of displacement, some members may have to leave and find their own solutions. In other situations, the strains of assisting and providing shelter to IDPs for prolonged periods may be such that host families may simply no longer be able to continue providing this support unassisted. In all of these situations, IDPs will in many cases need to leave the host family. Ensuring that systems are in place to support hosting arrangements, and to provide protection and assistance alternatives for IDPs who can no longer remain in these arrangements, will be vital in order to prevent the most vulnerable IDPs from having to adopt negative coping mechanisms, such as early marriage, dangerous and exploitative livelihood activities, and from living in precarious settings.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Since the State has the primary responsibility for protection and assistance to IDPs, a whole-of-government approach is both required and encouraged in IDP responses. However, it is provincial and municipal authorities who are often in the front line, addressing both the immediate humanitarian aspects of an IDP influx, and the longer-term pressures related to prolonged displacement and the extension of basic services to them. Yet, they frequently lack the necessary resources to meet this challenge, indicating gaps between policies decided in the capital and what is implemented locally, and complex relationships between local and national authorities and international actors working within the country. This is perhaps most acutely felt in the case of IDPs outside camps, who are less likely to benefit from alternative assistance provided by non-governmental organizations. At the same time, provincial and municipal authorities have specific responsibilities and a critical role to play in upholding the human rights of IDPs within their communities, implementing IDP-specific and community based programmes, and facilitating durable solutions, including local integration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- On account of their direct contact with IDPs, and their immediate role in the provision of local services, and formulation of local development strategies, local authorities are often the best placed to identify and assist IDPs outside camps living in their communities. They can support IDP profiling exercises, and facilitate the replacement or acquisition of identification, residency or other documents - both important steps enabling IDPs outside camps to access the assistance, rights and benefits to which they are entitled, both as IDPs and as citizens. This assistance will enable them to benefit from national social security systems, public services and resources available to residents, and to access a series of other rights (e.g. relating to property, civil status, housing). For example, in the case of Iraq, where food security was a problem for a large part of the population, this mandate received reports that IDPs moving from one governorate to another were often unable to transfer their food ration cards to new areas of displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- IDPs are often the victims of direct or indirect discrimination in host communities based on their situation or categorization as IDPs. In some cases this discrimination may be based on ethnic or other differences, while in others it is due to more structural problems. In the context of his country visits, the Special Rapporteur has found that IDPs are often denied access to basic services such as primary education and health services, due to the fact that local schools or health facilities are already underfunded or overcrowded, or for purely bureaucratic reasons. In these contexts, local health and educational institutions may request proof of residency or special fees from IDP families (for services normally free of charge), so as to be able to effectively expand their services to them. Such situations reflect the need for more effective coordination and timely financial transfer systems between central and local authorities, including the areas from which IDPs fled, which can take into account a local influx of IDPs and their related needs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Demographic and ethnic factors, or the political priorities of local authorities may influence the degree to which they welcome and assist IDPs or adopt an informal "policy" of non-assistance. This is particularly relevant in situations where internal displacement may affect the ethnic, religious or other composition of an area. IDPs outside camps are especially easy targets in such situations, as they are often stereotyped as 'IDPs' in their immediate neighbourhoods, and may be subject to discrimination, security problems including arbitrary detention, attacks, and secondary displacements if they are 'pushed' out of their host communities. Certain processes can exacerbate this situation, including the conduct of national or local census, or electoral processes. Local authorities can play a crucial role in such contexts, by promoting a culture of respect for human rights, rule of law and diversity, making public statements to this effect, and taking active steps to ensure IDPs are effectively protected from discrimination, harassment and persecution. Special measures to reach out to, protect and facilitate access to rights by particularly vulnerable IDP groups, including youth, female headed households and the elderly are necessary as well.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Youth
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Even when central authorities have adopted national IDP frameworks, local authorities may not always be able or willing to fully implement these. They may face limitations in applying IDP legislation and programmes due to structural issues, the competing needs of other local groups within the community, or lack the capacity, financial resources, political will or understanding of IDP needs. By adopting national IDP specific programmes and frameworks, national authorities have a corresponding responsibility to set in place operational and institutional capacity to ensure their local implementation, and the timely transfer of funds for related activities. However, measures to address these challenges, including through the development of more flexible procedures which can be activated in emergency situations, are often not included in national preparedness and IDP frameworks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- From a technical perspective, IDPs outside camps represent a further challenge. The failure to identify and assess the needs of IDPs outside camps in municipal localities, may make it more difficult or impossible for local authorities to justify a request for additional resources or to tap into existing IDPs specific programme. In turn, this may act as a powerful disincentive to include them in these programmes or to ensure their access to services within the community - thus pointing to the need to support local authorities in the essential task of collecting disaggregated data on the number and specific needs of IDPs outside camps.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Provincial and municipal authorities can play a key role in liaising with their national Government authorities and displacement-affected communities, as well as in the development and implementation of IDP-specific and community based programmes. Supporting local authorities in the development of community based programmes may be particularly appreciated when authorities must contend with the competing demands of other vulnerable sectors of the population who may feel their needs are being neglected. Such programmes should be based on disaggregated data on both IDPs and the host community, which includes their specific vulnerabilities, needs and coping mechanisms, and be participatory and inclusive. Community-based programmes can vary significantly depending on the context, but can include financial or in kind assistance to host families; community revitalisation programmes; or the expansion and strengthening of local infrastructures and services. Support to local authorities, through awareness raising and training, including on technical matters such as the conduct of consultative processes, data collection and programme design, should be areas for investment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Political considerations must often have to be borne in mind. In addition to working with central authorities towards the elaboration of policies, international actors may need to remain mindful of and develop strategies to work with local authorities and address their local sensitivities. This is particularly so, when the government is decentralized, when State authority does not reach or have effective influence over all parts of the country, or when the central authority cannot impose its policies too strongly on local affairs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Provincial and municipal authorities responsible for local development, social services and security in their areas have a particular responsibility and interest in ensuring that IDPs outside camps, receive assistance in achieving durable solutions. In some cases, durable solutions will imply local integration in the host community, a process in which local authorities play a key role, and with regard to which the collection of good practices would be valuable. They can also however, contribute towards other durable solutions, including returns and resettlement elsewhere in the country, including by: ensuring that IDPs in their communities are identified and included in national durable solutions programmes; improving access to information for IDPs; and facilitating the transference of documents or benefits they may have acquired during their displacement. They can also facilitate transitional or a combination of solutions, such as permitting IDPs to retain certain rights, e.g. residency permits in host communities while they set up their new life in their area of return and ascertain its safety, or by facilitating procedures so that some members of the family may remain working in the host community while the rest of the family returns to the place of origin. Where IDPs originally from the host community are returning to it, local authorities will also play a central role in reinstating their rights, and addressing issues such as secondary occupancy which may emerged as a result of their prolonged absence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- When local integration is the preferred solution of IDPs, further measures will often be necessary, both for the benefit of IDPs as well as their local constituencies. Foremost among these are land, housing and livelihood measures, often necessary in order to deal with conditions of overcrowding, dependency and illegal tenure which often affect IDPs during their displacement. Consultations and the participation of affected communities, both hosts and IDPs, will be essential in this process, in order to avoid unsuccessful programs and secondary displacements. IDPs should also be given access to national and international humanitarian and development actors. In many situations, local integration will constitute a peace-building and community-reconciliation challenge, requiring mediation and other special measures in this regard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- National policies related to local integration must be "translated into both political and financial support for local authorities and communities". Profiling exercises, and surveys of intentions among IDPs in order to gage what particular durable solutions they are envisaging can assist in assessing the resources and measures which are necessary. These will be important for planning purposes, and allow improved access by provincial and municipal actors to national and international funding, including by development actors. Most effective local integration programmes will combine IDP-specific interventions with community-wide programmes. Where the numbers of IDPs warrant it, the integration of displacement issues in local development, poverty reduction plans and labour market integration schemes, can also represent an effective strategy, which can be enhanced by the active participation of IDP representatives. Furthermore, other sources of practice and experience can be tapped, such as innovative local integration practices which have been used in the context of refugee integration programmes, or community revitalization projects.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- While they represent the majority of internally displaced persons in the world, IDPs outside camps, and the host communities supporting them, are frequently unidentified and unassisted, both with respect to humanitarian support and durable solutions. IDPs living amongst host communities and in urban centres become mixed within the general local population, while others may seek shelter in remote and isolated areas. In both cases, they are difficult to identify and thus may become neglected IDPs. Although often assumed to have found their own solution, IDPs outside camps often experience a serious deterioration in their enjoyment of a series of human rights, including the right to adequate housing and protection from forced evictions, and to education and health, and are particularly at risk of marginalization, poverty, exploitation and abuse. If left unidentified and unassisted, they will de facto be excluded from assistance and protection measures, and durable solutions to their displacement, (e.g. in the context of national reconciliation and reconstruction processes); measures which could also alleviate pressures otherwise imposed on social structures within host communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- The lack of a systemic, equitable and human rights based approach to IDPs outside camps frequently results in protracted, secondary or repeated waves of displacement, and the exacerbation of poverty and vulnerabilities for IDPs, those hosting them, and for the society as a whole in countries where mass and unassisted displacements are frequent.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In the context of global trends such as rapid urbanization, including in less developed States, and a predicted increase in the frequency and severity of natural disasters due to the effects of climate change, the phenomena of urban IDPs outside camps is predicted to grow. Both in urban and other settings, host communities and provincial and municipal authorities have a key role in assisting IDPs outside camps, and should be supported in this regard.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 A
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] While practices to assess the needs and assist IDPs outside camp and their host communities already exist among some international and national actors, greater efforts and more comprehensive and predictable systems are required. Towards this end, humanitarian and development actors (including the donor community) at the national and international levels, and with the participation of civil society and affected communities, should: Promote, develop and implement strategies which extend the concept of assistance to include early recovery and development interventions in order to strengthen basic services and infrastructures of affected communities, and enhance the achievement of durable solutions for IDPs outside camps;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 A
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] While practices to assess the needs and assist IDPs outside camp and their host communities already exist among some international and national actors, greater efforts and more comprehensive and predictable systems are required. Towards this end, humanitarian and development actors (including the donor community) at the national and international levels, and with the participation of civil society and affected communities, should: Conduct assessments with view to identify good practices, gaps and challenges in the assistance and protection of IDPs outside camps, and host communities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 A
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] While practices to assess the needs and assist IDPs outside camp and their host communities already exist among some international and national actors, greater efforts and more comprehensive and predictable systems are required. Towards this end, humanitarian and development actors (including the donor community) at the national and international levels, and with the participation of civil society and affected communities, should: Develop relevant strategies to address these gaps, and set in place a more equitable, effective and systemised response to IDPs outside camps, and affected communities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 A
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] While practices to assess the needs and assist IDPs outside camp and their host communities already exist among some international and national actors, greater efforts and more comprehensive and predictable systems are required. Towards this end, humanitarian and development actors (including the donor community) at the national and international levels, and with the participation of civil society and affected communities, should: In addition to the specific issues, areas of focus and recommendations below, support research and improved responses in other areas meriting attention, including: IDPs outside camps living in rural, remote or isolated areas; distinguishing characteristics of conflict, natural disasters, and intra-city displacement contexts which may affect responses; and the needs of especially vulnerable groups of IDPs outside camps;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 B
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Engage with affected States and other stakeholders in awareness-raising, capacity-building and the implementation of effective, comprehensive, disaggregated and timely data collection/profiling systems for IDPs outside camps. These should include methodologies appropriate to: early identification of IDPs and their needs immediately during or after a crisis so as to allow for follow up once IDPs have dispersed; and to when IDPs are already living among host communities in urban or other settings. Due safeguards must be in place to protect IDPs who may not wish to be identified due to security or other reasons. Rapid needs and protection assessment tools should include mechanisms to identify: IDPs outside camps and their needs; the reasons why they stay out of camps; the support provided by and the needs of host communities and host families; and mechanisms for vulnerability analysis in different settings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 C
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Develop further initiatives for the collection, dissemination and analysis of existing and best practices on: protection, assistance and durable solutions for IDPs outside camps; methodologies for identify, reaching and engaging them; and community based approaches which support and take into account the needs of host communities. Based on this information, analyse good practices, including positive coping practices employed by IDPs and host communities themselves, and lessons learnt, with a view to enhancing existing programs and wider national and international responses to IDPs outside camps and their host communities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 D
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Enhance mechanisms and understanding with regard to data collection and assistance methodologies, and factors permitting or inhibiting successful local integration in urban settings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 D
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Promote specific research on patterns of internal displacement: into urban centres, including those resulting from sudden and slow onset disasters due to climate change; and secondary displacements from or within urban centres;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 D
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] In the context of the distinctive nature and complexity of intra-city emergencies and displacement: develop better understanding, tools and collection of good practices on both IDP specific vulnerabilities and interventions, and community based approaches, which promote early recovery and avoid protracted displacement - including through real time analysis and learning in urban responses, and by including IDPs outside camps in efforts to address the urban vulnerability gap;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 D
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Further understanding and improve methodologies for integrating the specific vulnerabilities and needs of IDPs outside camps in: disaster risk reduction and response strategies, and urban early recovery and development planning;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 E
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Compile good practices, identify gaps and develop specific guidance on arrangements and approaches to support host communities and host families, including: mechanisms to support, manage and monitor host family arrangements; and wider community-based approaches which enhance the absorption capacity and resilience of host communities, such as support to community infrastructures, services, and livelihoods. Work towards the establishment of more predictable and systematized support systems to host families and host communities, which are participatory, based on needs assessments, and combined with IDP specific interventions which address their particular needs and vulnerabilities, and maximize the achievement of durable solutions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 F
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Promote awareness-raising with regard to the specific role and responsibilities, and the support and obstacles which municipal and provincial authorities may face in the protection and assistance of IDPs outside camps. In particular, collect information on structural, political and economic or budgetary factors affecting their response, both with regard to the provision of humanitarian assistance and to durable solutions such as local integration. Promote better understanding and capacity-building at the level of local authorities, with a view to: protecting the human rights of IDPs living within their communities (e.g. through non-discrimination, equal access to services); developing and/or implementing IDP-specific assistance and protection programmes, and community based approaches; facilitating durable solutions; and including IDPs outside camps in poverty reduction and local development plans;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 G
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Within the framework of IASC, initiate a process to consider the existing practices, gaps and relevant issues relating to IDPs outside camps, with a view to the development of strategies and mechanisms to strengthen related humanitarian and development responses. Suggested steps could include: The undertaking by agencies, on a voluntary basis, of a stocktaking exercise or survey of their programmes and practices which relate (or extend) to IDPs outside camps and host communities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 G
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Within the framework of IASC, initiate a process to consider the existing practices, gaps and relevant issues relating to IDPs outside camps, with a view to the development of strategies and mechanisms to strengthen related humanitarian and development responses. Suggested steps could include: The collection of good practices in this regard, and an analysis of existing protection and assistance gaps which hinder the institutional response by the humanitarian and development communities;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 G
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Within the framework of IASC, initiate a process to consider the existing practices, gaps and relevant issues relating to IDPs outside camps, with a view to the development of strategies and mechanisms to strengthen related humanitarian and development responses. Suggested steps could include: Adequately taking into account IDPs outside camps in all relevant IASC work, including its task forces;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
A more systematized and equitable response to internally displaced persons outside camps 2012, para. 59 G
- Paragraph text
- [In view of the above, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Within the framework of IASC, initiate a process to consider the existing practices, gaps and relevant issues relating to IDPs outside camps, with a view to the development of strategies and mechanisms to strengthen related humanitarian and development responses. Suggested steps could include: On this basis, a reference group could collect and analyse the above information, with a view to: identifying common gaps and areas for focus which have a system wide impact; and develop strategies and/or processes towards a more equitable and systematized approach to the humanitarian, human rights and development issues facing IDPs outside camps and affected communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2014
- Document code
- A/69/295
Document
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- In the present report, the Special Rapporteur aims to provide guidance and raise greater awareness to build momentum on the complex issue of durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings, focusing in particular on local integration. An urban context has various dimensions, including demographic, historical, environmental, economic, social and political aspects, which add to the complexity of responding coherently and sustainably to internal displacement. In addition, there are global mega-trends such as rapid urbanization, population growth and increased human mobility that make achieving durable solutions in urban settings one of the most complex and pressing challenges (see A/66/285, para. 28).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- For more than 20 years, the mandate holders have consistently addressed urban displacement and its consequences and called for durable solutions during numerous country visits, including to Colombia (A/HRC/4/38/Add.3), Côte d'Ivoire (A/HRC/ 23/44/Add.1), East Timor (E/CN.4/2000/83/Add.3), Kenya (A/HRC/19/54/Add.2), Somalia (A/HRC/13/21/Add.2), the Sudan (A/HRC/23/44/Add.2) and, more recently, Haiti (report to be submitted to the Human Rights Council at its twenty-ninth session, in June 2015). They have also undertaken considerable work through law and policy support in Afghanistan, Kenya, Somalia and Yemen, considering the specific aspects of urban displacement, on particular matters such as eviction or relocation, notably in the context of climate change and slow-onset disasters that prompt movements of people to urban locations in search of livelihoods, security and safety (see A/66/285, para. 30). In previous thematic reports on a more systematized response to internally displaced persons outside camps (A/HRC/19/54) and the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict (A/68/225), the Special Rapporteur has also considered other aspects further developed herein.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has consistently suggested a wider approach to the response and solutions in urban areas, considering not only the needs of internally displaced persons themselves, but also those of other displacement-affected communities, such as host communities, including the urban poor, communities in areas of return or communities in places to which internally displaced persons are relocated. Such an approach allows similar needs of different groups to be addressed, while not leaving displacement-specific needs unaddressed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that the response to internal displacement in urban settings has too often focused on short-term assistance and programming, instead of a solution-focused approach early on in the response that recognizes that urban displacement is often long lasting. Neglecting it can only contribute to impoverishment in urban areas. One need that is distinct and specific to the situation of internally displaced persons is that of a durable solution. The implementation of durable solutions requires the identification of internally displaced persons in urban areas and their location. It is the profiling of internally displaced persons and other displacement-affected communities in urban areas that often provides the needed evidence base to plan for and implement a response geared towards solutions. It also enables the identification of needs that are similar among different groups and those that are specific to the situation of internally displaced persons only.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur recalls that, pursuant to principle 28 of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the primary responsibility to establish conditions and provide for the achievement of durable solutions lies with State authorities at all levels, including mayors and other municipal authorities that play a central role in this context.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons is a long and complex process. Internally displaced persons must exercise a free and informed choice of durable solutions, i.e. to reintegrate at the place of origin (return), to locally integrate in areas in which they have found refuge (local integration) or to integrate in another part of the country (settlement elsewhere in the country). The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons is fully applicable to solutions in urban contexts and the solutions process that it outlines is an important indicator for long-term planning processes. A key indicator is, according to the Framework, when internally displaced persons no longer have specific assistance and protection needs linked to their displacement and can enjoy their human rights without discrimination on account of their displacement. However, solutions in urban areas, such as local integration, are often challenged by additional obstacles arising from the specificities of internal displacement in such settings. They are discussed below.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Patterns of urban displacement are multiple and encompass displacement from rural to urban areas and inter-urban and intra-urban displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Displacement in urban areas can stem from conflict in those areas. In some countries, such as Colombia or the Syrian Arab Republic, armed hostilities have taken place largely in urban, and hence densely populated, areas and therefore resulted in record numbers of internally displaced persons in urban areas. Sudden-onset natural disasters that struck urban centres, such as those affecting Tacloban, Philippines, Port-au-Prince or New Orleans, United States of America, had an enormous impact on the inhabitants and resulted in large-scale displacement. Such displacement is often lasting, as the Special Rapporteur witnessed himself in July 2014 during his visit to Haiti, where durable solutions remain distant for many. Many cities in areas prone to sudden-onset or slow-onset disasters - coastal and deltaic areas or riverine zones - face future risks of internal displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Flight to urban areas following conflict or disaster in another part of the country is also a common feature of internal displacement today. Urban areas may promise more safety than rural areas as a result of the anonymity and invisibility that one can acquire there. For example, there are girls in Abidjan who were victims of sexual violence in places of displacement in rural areas or who became pregnant during displacement and moved to the city. A primary reason for flight to urban areas is family links, but the hope of finding alternative livelihoods is also a factor that influences the flight of internally displaced persons, who often lose their original livelihoods through displacement. Similarly, education opportunities and better services, such as special health care, regularly lead to flight to urban areas and peripheries. Urban areas may therefore allow internally displaced persons to better maintain their coping mechanisms and resilience, albeit at low levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Some urban areas, such as in Darfur, have grown expansively, thereby enveloping camps for internally displaced persons that were originally located away from the areas in question. Elsewhere, such as in Port-au-Prince, some internally displaced persons live in urban settlements for the displaced that are joined with poor urban informal settlements. In other instances, it is common to find urban internally displaced persons in unused public buildings or on unused public land, in rented private buildings living invisibly within host communities or in host families. Their living conditions in urban areas are often precarious and, regularly along with the urban poor, they often live in urban parts or peripheries that are not connected to basic services and far from livelihood opportunities, where transportation is not affordable for them or does not exist. A study carried out by UNHCR and the World Bank on Afghanistan showed that only one third of the internally displaced persons surveyed had access to electricity, adequate supplies and sanitation facilities. In Kabul, informal settlements for internally displaced persons are not protected against the harsh weather conditions, which caused the deaths of several children during the winter of 2012.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The impacts of crises on urban contexts lead to combining factors such as the deterioration of urban living conditions, spatial disorganization, the loss of social structure, administrative deregulation or institutional instability. Urban displacement regularly results in a significant increase in the urban population. This normally causes fear or actual situations of overstretched basic services, such as health centres or schools, especially where service provision was limited or insufficient before displacement or if conflicts or disasters have damaged the infrastructure. Similar fears or realities hold true where natural resources, such as water, are scarce or where urban unemployment rates are high. This underlines the importance of considering the situation of internally displaced persons and other displacement-affected communities in urban areas in finding durable solutions that allow both similar and distinct needs of internally displaced persons to be met.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- The lack of urban planning creates specific needs for internally displaced persons in urban informal settlements. Most urban environments already face difficulties relating to space management and shortage of land generally and for internally displaced persons in particular. Solutions relating to land and housing can be compounded by the destruction of houses or the deterioration of land caused by conflict or disaster. The complexity of the absence of land tenure systems and the lack of available and affordable land in urban areas and comprehensive urban planning may exponentially increase the difficulty of identifying long-term housing solutions for urban dwellers and urban internally displaced persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Urban planning, or the lack thereof, has an impact on the rights of urban internally displaced persons. Their access to adequate housing requires comprehensive public policy interventions by the national authorities as a framework for the provision of housing and the engagement of development partners. Urban development should therefore go hand in hand with adequate planning and resources that would address the housing needs of internally displaced persons in the context of durable solutions. Urban development planning serves as a guide to investment in housing and infrastructure by both public and private actors so that investment is integrated and contributes strategically to urban growth. In most contexts affected by urban displacement, however, urban planning frameworks are outdated, non-existent or in the midst of a process of revision. The disconnect between the urban planning time frame and the onset of internal displacement adds another layer of complexity. Urban planning processes, when they exist, are often agreed upon for a long-term period, leaving little leeway, if any, with regard to how to accommodate flows of internally displaced persons. Such processes should therefore be informed by displacement dynamics and be made more flexible in order to better adapt to situations of urban internal displacement. In this regard, tools and strategies put in place by humanitarian and development agencies after a crisis, such as the provision of shelter, the relocation to urban settings or the provision of assistance to host families, could benefit long-term urban planning if they are better synchronized from the very onset of displacement. As indicated in the UNHCR-World Bank study on Afghanistan, urban planning should provide for the regularization or planned relocation of informal settlements, given the uncontrolled growth of slums whose inhabitants remain on the margins of society in impoverished conditions. Clarity of policy and action is a prerequisite to finding just and practicable solutions to the challenges of unplanned urbanization and its relationship with poverty and risk factors. An appropriate legislative and administrative framework regulating urban planning and housing should include dialogue and collaboration between all relevant stakeholders, beginning with all ministries potentially involved in the process, international organizations (both humanitarian and development actors), civil society and displacement-affected communities, internally displaced persons and their representatives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Internally displaced persons in informal urban settlements typically reside in makeshift shelters, where they are barely protected from intruders and are exposed to the risk of sexual and gender-based violence. Urban displacement leads to changes in gender relations, thereby increasing risks of domestic violence, sexual and gender-based violence, survival sex, exploitation and forced labour. Access to protection and assistance for internally displaced women is vital.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The absence of the rule of law is aggravated by ineffective local authority and policing. The lack of security of land tenure, extinct tenancy agreements and/or the absence of other forms of user rights further expose internally displaced persons to the risk of (forced) evictions and therefore to secondary displacement, which results in increased protracted displacement and significantly hampers durable solutions. Forced eviction of urban internally displaced persons, without providing alternative housing and without recourse to legal remedies, is an increasing phenomenon of urbanization and urban planning and upgrading initiatives. As noted above, urban planning must be combined with the durable solution needs of internally displaced persons and displacement-affected communities in urban areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The challenges posed by unequal and discriminatory access to education, health services or employment are protection risks regularly faced by internally displaced persons in urban areas and may sometimes be compounded by the lack of individual documentation. The loss or lack of documentation in urban contexts can further exacerbate the already-dire situation of internally displaced persons, given that, without identification, it is generally impossible to sign a lease, seek formal employment or even gain legitimate access to a mobile telephone or the Internet. In some countries, such as Côte d'Ivoire, internally displaced persons are put at risk of statelessness. This situation also increases the chances of being arrested, being forced to pay a bribe and intimidation and renders access to health care, education and other services more difficult.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- In many instances, the lack of access to adequate housing for internally displaced persons, in particular in urban areas, remains a perennial problem, irrespective of the length of displacement. In Afghanistan, internally displaced persons who live in temporary shelters, shacks or camps more than five years after being displaced account for as much as 61 per cent of the internally displaced population. Durable housing strategies, for example in Serbia, including Kosovo, should be considered to be part of durable solutions with livelihood opportunities for the local integration of those displaced in urban areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The competent authorities have the primary duty and responsibility to establish conditions and means that allow internally displaced persons to attain durable solutions (see principle 28 of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement). Very often, however, there is a lack of coordination between the national and municipal authorities when it comes to carrying out that duty at the level of policy formulation and implementation, which leads to policy gaps. Municipal authorities tend to prefer short-term measures of forcible eviction or return of urban internally displaced persons to their places of origin, if possible. This challenge can be dealt with through law and policy as tools for providing the basis for coordination and, as stated above, the mandate holders have given law and policy development support in specific instances of urban displacement, such as in Afghanistan, Kenya, Somalia and Yemen.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- A comprehensive understanding of all the structural and cyclical causes of particular urban displacement dynamics is necessary for national Governments and local or municipal authorities and the international community to respond effectively using an all-encompassing durable solution approach. For example, in Afghanistan, while conflict and insecurity are usually the first reported causes of displacement, the loss of means to meet basic needs, services and livelihoods during such displacement emerge strongly as concurrent factors driving displacement to urban areas. The Special Rapporteur therefore calls for an effective national and international response to internal displacement in urban settings, which should be based on a long-term focus on durable solutions from the outset of such displacement. Understanding of urban displacement shows that short-term responses focused on assistance and programming mitigate the situation of urban internally displaced persons in the short term, but are inadequate to deal with the often long-lasting characteristic of urban displacement and the consequential impoverishment of internally displaced persons and displacement-affected communities. This effective long-term response approach entails the joint engagement of humanitarian and development actors, which the Special Rapporteur considered in his report to the General Assembly in 2013 (A/68/225).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur reiterates the overall importance of profiling as a collaborative information-gathering process, which is indispensable for advocacy on durable solutions, policymaking and, most notably, planning and implementing durable solutions. Profiling is often more complex in urban settings, where internally displaced persons and displacement-affected populations live in informal settlements, usually without personal documentation, and where basic data are sometimes non-existent. Settlements for internally displaced persons, for example in Darfur, are not always static, whether in size or in location. In Mogadishu, which hosts one of the world's largest urban populations of internally displaced persons, the number of settlements has often increased uncontrollably and some settlements have shifted, as a whole or in part, on account of evictions or other secondary displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Given that national censuses often omit informal settlements or internally displaced persons for lack of documentation, there may be little knowledge of the size or profile of the urban internally displaced population. National censuses, as conducted in Cote d'Ivoire in 2014, must be designed to identify internally displaced persons and their location. Experience shows, however, that, when confronted by outsiders asking questions, internally displaced persons feel threatened, especially if they fear eviction or if they are asked questions relating to the informal sector.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Such complexities do not serve as excuses for not undertaking profiling, given that the failure to do so complicates planning and programming regarding durable solutions and may actually render such solutions unsustainable. Rather, the complexities point to the need for and importance of specialized and knowledge-based services in the field of profiling, such as those provided by the Joint IDP Profiling Service. Georgia, Serbia and Sri Lanka offer examples of recent profiling exercises in the context of durable solutions. The Special Rapporteur insists on the absolute necessity of profiling exercises to ensure that policies and programmes effectively respond to the evidence-based durable solution needs of internally displaced persons. In many contexts, the lack of cross-thematic profiles of the experience and intentions of displaced persons makes programming and policies less adapted and accurate. As often emphasized by the Special Rapporteur, the profiling exercise should, to achieve its goal, remain participatory and respectful of the anonymity required for the protection of those concerned.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Transitional solutions are sometimes mistaken for durable solutions. For example, in the case of Haiti, many actors understood durable solutions only in terms of camp closures or access to housing, overlooking the cross-sectoral and protection dimensions of durable solutions. The Special Rapporteur recalls that a comprehensive understanding of the framework of durable solutions is well embedded in the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons. He reiterates the importance of using and implementing the Framework in efforts by the competent authorities, the international community, civil society and other stakeholders to tackle durable solutions comprehensively. A recent study by the International Organization for Migration and the Brookings Institution on durable solutions in Haiti disclosed that, even among those familiar with the Framework, there were debates on how to make it more specific and operational and there were concerns that it would favour preferential treatment for internally displaced persons compared with the urban poor and other groups at risk. Lopsided views on durable solutions underscore the importance of advocacy, awareness-raising and a comprehensive approach that absorbs the context of development, vulnerability or poverty and also displacement-affected communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- As the Special Rapporteur mentioned in his previous thematic report to the General Assembly, the barriers between development, peacebuilding and humanitarian actors are numerous and include various planning cycles, time frames, mandates, operational systems, terminology, vocabulary and approaches to working with Governments (A/68/225, para. 42). One way of bridging those gaps is to ensure that all actors involved in issues of urban displacement are aware of and trained on the rights based-approach to durable solutions of the Framework on Durable Solutions, in addition to how to better engage with local governments, local communities and internally displaced persons themselves to ensure that their rights and their perspectives are adequately integrated into programming and urban planning (see A/HRC/19/54, para. 25).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur notes that interesting projects and practices have been tested in various contexts in the search for durable solutions for internally displaced persons. Not enough time has passed and no cross-studies have been carried out to identify the most effective measures and the reasons for their success in any given context, however. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur strongly encourages that such comparative research be carried out. He is currently working with other partners on a project to measure progress in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons based on the identified criteria of the Framework on Durable Solutions using commonly agreed measurement indicators.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- In some contexts, government and municipal authorities, sometimes with the support of international stakeholders, have developed urban planning initiatives that do seek to take the specificities and needs of internally displaced persons into consideration. In Afghanistan, for example, a newly adopted national policy on internal displacement provides for measures to ensure that internally displaced persons in informal settlements are permitted to upgrade their accommodation to meet the internationally agreed Sphere standards for emergency shelter, explore community-level initiatives to lend, rent or sell land in areas in which they have settled and identify other options that would grant them security of tenure, such as usufruct schemes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- The municipal authorities of Kabul and the Government are working with the Japan International Cooperation Agency to develop an urbanization plan for the building of new housing units over the coming eight years. The expected benefits include strengthened municipal capacity to manage urban development and deliver services; improved institutional coordination and monitoring of key urban indicators; increased access to basic services for urban households; phased regularization of tenure for 50 per cent of households living in informal settlements; upgraded public services and facilities, including new urban area development; increased availability of affordable shelters, including an increase of 50 per cent in the number of housing units and of 30 per cent in the area of serviced land on the market, coupled with access to affordable finance; and an improved urban environment with green areas and open spaces. It is to be noted, however, that, while internally displaced persons are expected to benefit from the initiative, the plan has been criticized for ignoring the informal settlements in which many live. Furthermore, it may be difficult to relocate internally displaced persons and other groups living in informal settlements en masse.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- With regard to cash-grant mechanisms, which include grants for the reconstruction and repair of houses and rental subsidy schemes, they attempt to strengthen tenure security for internally displaced renters, while ensuring that those internally displaced persons move into properties that meet minimum safety standards. For example, in Haiti, two years after the earthquake, the Government addressed some displacement-related housing, land and property issues in the context of its "16/6" project. The project, first launched in August 2011, envisaged the reconstruction of 16 earthquake-affected neighbourhoods and the closure of six major related camps by providing grants to the internally displaced persons living in those camps to rent housing, to construct a new house or to repair their own houses that were damaged by the earthquake. With regard to the rental subsidy mechanism, it also attempted to raise awareness of renters' rights and required the signing of a formal lease.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- While providing rental cash grants can contribute effectively to rebuilding capacity for internally displaced persons who have lost all their assets and provide them with some autonomy in their access to housing, some critics have stressed that the cash interventions would have been better had they been oriented to the market context, i.e. a commensurate increase in the housing stock to avoid "rehoused" internally displaced persons going to overcrowded areas, inhabiting unsafe and informal urban expansions or forming new camps. Criticism also included timing issues, given that the camps were closed before all the internally displaced persons concerned had been offered appropriate alternative housing. The uncertainty and lack of coordination could have been avoided with better preparedness and consultation with those concerned. On the positive side, the Special Rapporteur notes that the 16/6 project was not limited to cash interventions, but also included raising awareness of living standards, vocational training, livelihood programmes and enhanced access to basic services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that, to offer durable solutions for internally displaced persons and the communities in which they live, cash interventions should be accompanied by income-generating or other livelihood activities, which also benefit the community, such as the development of small businesses and legal support in housing, land and property matters to facilitate length and security of tenure. In addition, those interventions should be accompanied by measures ensuring access to basic services for the benefit of the entire community. For example, in Bogota, the mayor's development plan for the city, which seeks to a create "a more humane Bogota", puts at its core the promotion of the human rights of victims of the armed conflict who fled to Bogota and the implementation of the Victims and Land Restitution Act adopted in 2011. Article 12 pertains to the implementation of the Act, article 21 relates to the housing programme for internally displaced persons and article 42 deals with how internally displaced persons will receive health services. Elected mayors of the various localities within Bogota have also initiated projects for the economic development of internally displaced persons living in those localities. In January 2014, the mayor of the Bosa locality developed a project to promote and assist entrepreneurial projects for vulnerable populations, specifically for internally displaced persons and persons with disabilities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur also encourages initiatives aimed at including existing informal settlements in comprehensive urban planning schemes, thereby increasing security of tenure and adequate living conditions, including in terms of access to services. In the case of Somalia, national and local authorities, United Nations agencies and international non-governmental organizations worked together to devise a comprehensive urban development plan to address the precarious living conditions of internally displaced persons in Boosaaso. Of the inhabitants of Boosaaso, 1 in 4 is internally displaced, with most residing in cramped and unsanitary squatter camps on the peripheries of the city. The private owners of the land on which displaced persons were living forced them to pay high rents, offered no protection from fires that frequently destroyed large sections of the settlements and forbade the construction of any sanitary infrastructure such as wells or latrines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The United Nations Human Settlements Programme, along with international non-governmental organizations, suggested a plan based on principles of sustainable urbanization, slum prevention and incremental upgrading. Aspects of the intervention included what is termed a "build back better approach" to emergency response from fires, which took fires as an opportunity to introduce firebreaks and mobile shelter kits made of metal poles and fire-retardant canvas to prevent the spread of future fires. The intervention also involved disaster-preparedness programmes. Furthermore, a simple training guide for upgrading temporary settlements, aimed at municipal officials and community leaders, was developed to allow for a swift transfer of the basic skills needed and to empower displaced people to initiate improvements themselves. This intervention halved the number of families affected by fires.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- In addition, a campaign was launched regarding the rights of internally displaced persons to land tenure in Boosaaso. Consequently, landlords entered into an agreement with local authorities and representatives of various displaced groups, which opened the door to upgrading the settlement and included simple principles preventing ad hoc evictions. The campaign mobilized local authorities and traditional/religious leaders to define what would no longer be acceptable in the community. It focused on the positive contribution of internally displaced persons to the local economy and the impact on the host community of unhygienic conditions and heightened fire risks.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Other initiatives involve camp formalization. In some instances, internally displaced persons have lived in camp settings for years and created ties among one another, to the land that they occupy and to the neighbourhood communities. In such cases, camp formalization through local integration may be the best solution. This presupposes, however, that the authorities concerned solve the land tenure issue, among others.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur encourages initiatives that reinforce local capacity for the achievement of durable solutions. In this regard, the community resource centre run by the International Organization for Migration in Haiti is an example of how camp coordination and camp management tools relating to durable solutions can be used in urban environments and outside camps. The centre's objective is to use a community platform to provide municipalities with a district-level structure to support the planning, coordination and provision of information on reconstruction, return and local development. The main aim is to support local structures and provide both a hub for coordination and a physical space to be handed over at a later stage. This is therefore an example of how developing the capacity of local structures can contribute to making the transition from the humanitarian phase and early recovery and promoting durable solutions to coordination and participation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- In disaster-prone areas, capacity-building initiatives should increase preparedness to respond to recurrent disasters with the aim of preventing further displacement. Such programmes already exist and should be replicated, if possible.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In accordance with the Framework on Durable Solutions, all relevant actors need to respect the right of internally displaced persons to make an informed and voluntary decision on what durable solution is best for them. Internally displaced persons participate in urban economies, rent or buy urban housing and land and, in one way or another, seek to make use of urban opportunities and services.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In areas of informal settlements in which extreme poverty and lack of access to basic services prevail, host communities and their leaders have a crucial role to play. They were present before the natural disaster or conflict and will remain once all international actors leave. Durable solutions for internally displaced persons living side by side with other groups in those areas can therefore be reached effectively only with the participation of the community as a whole and community leaders in particular. Oversight by the local authorities in such processes is, however, key to avoiding the tensions and power struggles that often affect groups of internally displaced persons. The capacity of community representatives and local authorities should therefore be built around the common good, i.e. improving living conditions and access to services, reducing the risks for those particularly affected and promoting durable solutions. If their capacity is strengthened, local actors, communities, internally displaced persons and the urban poor in general become less vulnerable to power struggles between political leaders, gangs and large-scale development promoters and therefore increase their protection against urban violence, corruption and real estate speculation. This also presupposes engagement with a wide variety of stakeholders, such as the private sector, which can have a key impact on the reduction of poverty and development of the capacity for internally displaced persons to search for durable solutions, including through access to livelihood.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- In some cases, such as in Colombia, there are hundreds of associations of internally displaced persons, representing various communities of origin, women's groups or indigenous groups, among others. The Government has set up a consultative process with those associations that reaches out to such groups. The Government of Georgia has also engaged in widespread consultations with internally displaced persons (see A/HRC/26/33/Add.1). While not flawless, such processes represent a meaningful effort by Governments to consult internally displaced persons. Consultations can affect the attitude of the Government towards such persons, as was the case in Afghanistan. For example, until 2013, the authorities had not considered internally displaced persons to be permanent citizens of Herat, but, following the consultations, the political elites of the city now acknowledge the permanent settlement of those persons in the city. In a major breakthrough, the Government is now considering upgrading and regularizing the Maslakh settlement. Measures aimed at achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons can therefore yield positive results when internally displaced persons are treated not as objects, but as active participants in the search for, and implementation of, durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings brings with it a set of complexities that States, local authorities, humanitarian and development actors, civil society and internally displaced persons themselves still need to address in a comprehensive and coordinated manner. A one-size-fits-all approach has proved to be inconclusive and it is therefore the primary responsibility of Governments to ensure that, in any given context, durable solutions to urban displacement are found, with the full participation of those affected. Political will in any given context from all stakeholders involved is of the essence.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:]
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61a
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Insofar as internally displaced persons in urban settings are often invisible and live among the urban poor, continue to work to identify them and their location, whether with host families or elsewhere, in line with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61b
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Ensure that all causes and dynamics of displacement are addressed and that all three durable solution options are included in national laws and policies for internally displaced persons;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61c
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Develop national frameworks, structures and policies on internal displacement, as already recommended (see A/68/225, para. 59 (a));
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61d
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Ensure the full participation of internally displaced persons in drafting laws and policies that address durable solutions for them and undertake large-scale consultations with communities and neighbourhoods to address their broader concerns with regard to local integration for internally displaced persons or settlement in another neighbourhood and how they can be best implemented in practice, in tandem with host communities and the rest of the displacement-affected urban population;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61e
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Continue to accord priority to and monitor respect for the human rights of internally displaced persons, especially those most at risk of violations, regardless of the duration of displacement and until a sustainable solution is found;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61f
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Formulate and carry out awareness-raising programmes for the public and with community representatives on the situation of internally displaced persons and durable solutions for them in urban settings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61g
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Consult internally displaced persons at both the urban planning and implementation stages, for example through community or neighbourhood representations involving both men and women;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61h
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Appoint national and provincial task forces to initiate dialogue with municipalities and communities living in the poorest informal urban areas to discuss urgent needs and how to improve living conditions, including through relocation where the land occupied is unsuitable for permanent settlement. Such task forces could build on the decades of experience of Governments and several municipalities in designing and implementing participatory urban development projects targeted at improving the living standards of inhabitants of informal settlements;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61i
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Ensure the inclusion of the human rights of internally displaced persons in land tenure security plans, including through detailed mapping of existing public and private services in the sectors concerned;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61j
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Establish transparent eligibility criteria for the allocation of land (rental or ownership) for internally displaced persons in urban settings, ensure that, as a right to which they are entitled, internally displaced persons have equal access to property if their means allow them to do so and, in this regard, take affirmative-action measures for access to land in urban areas by internally displaced persons and other urban poor facing similar insecurity of tenure;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61k
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Propose settlement elsewhere, accompanied by specific measures, as part of the policy solution package available for internally displaced persons. If possible, local governments, with the support or advocacy of international agencies, should designate resettlement sites as part of disaster preparedness plans or work, taking into account future plans for urban growth, given that resettlement sites, even those deemed "temporary", are almost never temporary and influence urban growth;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61l
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] On the basis of the World Bank resettlement guidelines, establish resettlement guidelines to inform decision-making on land allocation procedures for those internally displaced persons unable to integrate locally or to return;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61m
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Develop incentives for return and resettlement to rural areas, accompanied by livelihood schemes and the development of rural areas as an alternative to urbanization;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61n
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] Establish integrated planning informed by displacement dynamics, with urban development plans, poverty reduction plans, general urban planning and upgrading, including slum upgrading, to include aspects specific to internal displacement and settlements and be carried out within government frameworks where possible, or alongside State actors;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61o
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [National and municipal authorities] With the support of international organizations, implement livelihood programmes and vocational training aimed at bridging the gap between the existing skills of internally displaced persons and those required to enter the labour market in their place of displacement; and adapt vocational training to demographic groups, such as matching food and vocational training as a way to enable the participation of women, foster their resilience and obtain community buy-in;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61p
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [Donor States] Allocate sufficient funding to respond effectively and sustainably to internal displacement in urban contexts and, in that regard, increase the length of the funding cycle to allow actors to meet both immediate and long-term needs and engage State actors in governance-related objectives;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61q
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [Donor States] Devote part of that funding to profiling exercises in both conflict-affected and natural-disaster-affected urban areas so as to better grasp the complexity of finding durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban environments, having recourse to the expertise of the Joint IDP Profiling Service;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61r
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Promote the development of an inter-agency platform for information management on trends and protection concerns with regard to internally displaced persons, making it publicly available, and develop a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of urban environments and systems (e.g. responsible urbanization, urban planning and building codes);
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61s
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Implement the strategy developed in 2010 by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas in order to strengthen the ability of agencies to adapt their operations towards the achievement of durable solutions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61t
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Humanitarian and development actors should develop expertise in urban issues to bridge gaps between urban planning and a better understanding of displacement dynamics and should ensure the presence of urban advisers in their rosters;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61u
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Establish a glossary of what a rights-based approach to internal displacement in urban settings means for humanitarian and development actors and urban planners;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61v
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Address urban internal displacement, not only as a humanitarian concern, but also as a development concern and, in this context, implement the Inter-Agency Standing Committee recommendations on strengthening early recovery, ensuring that early recovery is integrated into all phases of the humanitarian programme cycle from the very onset of an emergency and that the approach is mainstreamed into the programming of other clusters;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61w
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Urban planners should engage before crises, or as early into crises as possible, to build on existing capacity and coping mechanisms;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61x
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Humanitarian actors should work more closely and effectively with municipal authorities, given that they are often the first point of contact with internally displaced persons, and, in particular, support government measures to find durable solutions for internally displaced persons by carrying out regular profiling exercises, including in informal settlements, with the participation of internally displaced persons, and undertake a study on mixed opportunities to reduce the risks facing internally displaced persons such as in areas of housing, access to livelihood and basic services;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61y
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Undertake a comparative study on good practices with regard to housing, land allocation, tenure security and rental subsidies and assess the efficiency of protection against forced evictions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons in urban settings 2014, para. 61z
- Paragraph text
- [Durable solutions remain available options for internally displaced persons, including those in urban settings. The very nature of urban displacement, however, tends to lend weight to local integration as the viable choice preferred by internally displaced persons in urban areas. Informed by the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his recommendations made in his previous reports (A/HRC/19/54 and A/68/225) and adds the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian and development actors, and urban planners as relevant] Given the little knowledge on the impact of displacement on health and emotional well-being and its influence on urban dynamics, expand research on protection gaps and needs, especially those of internally displaced persons particularly at risk, including women, children and persons with disabilities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2011
- Document code
- A/66/285
Document
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- According to United Nations estimates, up to 50 million people are internally displaced because of natural disasters each year. In 2010 alone, at least 42.3 million people were newly displaced by sudden-onset natural disasters, 90 per cent of which were due to climate-related.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The importance of displacement, and in particular internal displacement, within the climate change debate is well established and now calls for specific strategies and measures to address it. Already in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human migration. The Panel estimated that by 2050, 150 million people could be displaced by climate change-related phenomena, such as desertification, increasing water scarcity, floods and storms. Since then, while estimates have varied, it has generally been accepted that the effects of climate change will indeed result in large-scale movements of people, mostly within the boundaries of affected States, and that developing States in the southern hemisphere are likely to be the worst affected.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have significant consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and for human security (A/HRC/10/61) In this context, internal displacement represents a further challenge of adaptation to the effects of climate change. In its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, the General Assembly recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and voiced concern about factors, such as climate change, that were expected to exacerbate the impact of natural hazards, and climate-related slow-onset events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The importance of addressing displacement caused by climate change was more recently recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At its sixteenth session, held in Cancun, Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010, the Conference of the Parties adopted the "Cancun Adaptation Framework", which expressly acknowledges climate-induced displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The Conference of the Parties invited all parties to enhance action on adaptation under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, by undertaking, inter alia, measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement, migration and planned relocation, where appropriate, at national, regional and international levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- The present report aims to explore the linkages between climate change and internal displacement from a human rights perspective. It draws on the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, the core international human rights instruments and the principal climate change frameworks proposed to date. While not exhaustive, it highlights some key principles and concepts necessary to inform the discussion, sheds light on the complexities surrounding the issue and makes a number of recommendations which could serve to orient future work in this area.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- The scope of the report is limited to internal displacement, in keeping with the parameters of the Special Rapporteur's mandate. Moreover, owing to the close linkages between climate change and the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, combined with the inherent difficulty of distinguishing between natural disasters provoked by climate change and those unrelated to this phenomenon, the report takes an inclusive approach to the issue. Owing to space limitations, the specific situation of low-lying island States is not addressed, but will be the focus of attention in the Special Rapporteur's report to the Human Rights Council in March 2012 on his visit to Maldives in July 2011.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The present section provides definitions of key concepts and terminology used in the climate change debate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines climate change as "any change in the climate over time, whether due to natural variability or […] human activity". The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, however, specifically focuses on changes in the climate which are "attributed directly or indirectly to human activity" and are "in addition to natural climate variability".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Two principal strategies to respond to the threats posed by climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation, in the context of climate change policy, refers to measures which aim to minimize the extent of global warming by reducing emission levels and stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere. Climate change adaptation measures are adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. Alternatively stated, they are measures that reduce harm and strengthen the capacity of societies and ecosystems to cope with and adapt to climate change risks and impacts. This report explores, in particular, possible adaptation measures specific to climate change-induced displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- References to resilience in this context relate to "the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner". Definitions of other terms are provided in subsequent sections of the report.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- While the effects of climate change are themselves expected to result in displacement, this factor should not be considered in isolation from broader global, regional and national dynamics. As highlighted at an expert workshop organized by UNHCR in 2011, the impact of climate change will interact with a number of global mega-trends such as population growth, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility and food, water and energy insecurity, as well as local and regional factors (pre-existing socio-economic and governance situations), which will potentially affect the magnitude and patterns of displacement as well as possible solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Climate change is arguably already acting as "an impact multiplier and accelerator". In addition to its negative impact on social and economic rights, which will itself provoke some displacement, climate change, interacting with other pressures or social and political factors, will exacerbate the risk of conflicts, which could then act as a driver of further displacement. Climate-related displacement is therefore likely to be characterized by multiple causalities, such as conflicts due to competition over resources or the loss of livelihoods. This was more recently highlighted during the Security Council debate of 20 July 2011 on the possible security implications of climate change, in which it was noted that climate change could aggravate or amplify existing security concerns and give rise to new ones, particularly in already fragile and vulnerable nations. It could also sharply intensify human displacement, bringing communities into increasing competition for finite natural resources with global repercussions for global economic stability.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- A distinction should be drawn between sudden-onset and slow-onset events since they affect human mobility in different ways. Slow-onset disasters tend to prompt movements of people to other locations in search of livelihoods, food security and safety - a trend already being manifested in different parts of the world. In this context, regional particularities around displacement patterns and their various causes will be important to monitor and understand. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia, as climate change is expected to have especially dire effects on developing countries, and the most vulnerable populations within them. At the time of writing of this report, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa required immediate humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity affecting, inter alia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti. In Somalia, successive drought-induced crop failures, spiralling food prices and lack of food assistance, combined with conflict, insecurity and limited access by humanitarian organizations, have resulted in one of the worst famines in decades, placing 3.7 million people in need of urgent assistance and causing large-scale displacements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- In order to address these intersecting challenges and develop adaptation strategies to deal with complex climate change-related displacement, a broader and more holistic understanding is required which goes beyond the direct line of causality usually applied in situations of sudden-onset natural disasters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Population displacements are likely to result from or be exacerbated by a number of different changes in our physical climate and environment, including:
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32a
- Paragraph text
- Increased droughts, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters such as desertification which undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32b
- Paragraph text
- Higher temperatures in water and air, and increasing acidity of seas;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32c
- Paragraph text
- Contraction of snow-covered areas and melting of sea ice, leading among other things, to rising sea levels affecting the habitability of coastal areas and low lying island States;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32d
- Paragraph text
- Increased frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, mudslides and flooding, which will threaten the physical safety of affected populations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32e
- Paragraph text
- Conflict and social upheaval, directly or indirectly attributable to climate change-related factors, such as competition for scarcer natural resources, changing livelihood patterns, increased social tensions and possible concentration of vulnerable populations, including in poor urban areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The above changes in our environment and climate are predicted to increase displacement and to alter its patterns, as people move to locations, predominantly within their own countries, which offer them greater human security and livelihoods. In some instances, for example when planned relocation is unsuccessful or when the spontaneously displaced congregate in urban centres already under pressure, secondary displacements may ensue. Indeed, secondary or cyclical displacements may become a by-product of ineffective adaptation strategies to address original displacement situations, as well as a consequence of the failure to sufficiently plan ahead in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management - all of which may be put under additional pressure by the effects of climate change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- In the last several years, the climate change debate, traditionally centred on scientific and economic factors, has gradually begun to encompass the social and human rights dimensions. This has led to a growing body of studies and reports exploring the multidisciplinary and human rights facets of the challenges posed by the effects of climate change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders, on the relationship between climate change and human rights. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the effects of climate change for human rights, including its impact on specific rights, vulnerable groups of persons, forced displacement and conflict, and examines the human rights implications of response measures to climate change. Importantly, it outlines relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concludes that measures to address climate change should be informed and strengthened by international human rights standards and principles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Other actors have also enriched the discussion by focusing on specific rights or the impact of climate change on particular groups. In addition to posing a direct threat to the right to life, the effects of climate change are expected to have negative implications for basic rights relating to food (A/HRC/7/5), housing (A/64/255), water and health, and affect the overall right to an adequate standard of living (A/HRC/10/61, paras. 21-38). Some of these analyses have highlighted the link between the lack of access to these rights and displacement. In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also a growing category of persons considered to be especially at risk, given the adverse material, social and psychological consequences commonly associated with displacement. These risks are heightened by the fact that the most serious effects of climate change, including displacement, are predicted to disproportionately affect poor regions and countries and populations already in a vulnerable situation owing to poverty and other factors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Measures to address these vulnerabilities and meet the challenges related to climate change-induced displacement should be informed and supported by a human rights-based approach which is applied at all phases of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen principles, developed at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above), underscored the need for such an approach. Principle I states that "responses to climate and environmentally-related displacement need to be informed by adequate knowledge and guided by the fundamental principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- A broad human rights protection framework for internally displaced persons has been developed in the last two decades, which applies explicitly to situations of natural disasters, and extends to persons displaced by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/13/21, paras. 2 and 41-44).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- Holding a central place in this framework are the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (see note 6 above), which are based on standards in international human rights and humanitarian law and, by analogy, international refugee law. While not legally binding as such, the Guiding Principles restate relevant hard law and have been affirmed by the international community as "an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons". They have served as an important normative standard for the protection of persons displaced in a variety of contexts including conflict, serious human rights violations, natural disasters, and development projects.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles define internally displaced person as "persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles have also served as a basis for developing further operational guidance, such as the revised Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4), both adopted by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. The former, in particular, represent progress in the application of a human rights-based approach to situations of natural disasters - situations closely related to climate change given the increased frequency of climate-related disasters. In addition to applying in different contexts, the Guiding Principles provide specific standards of assistance and protection at all stages of displacement, including in the prevention of displacement, during the displacement phase itself and in the search for durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles have further paved the way for a new regional treaty, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). Adopted in 2009, the Convention is the first legally binding instrument specifically on the protection of internally displaced persons. Article 5(4) specifically requires that measures be taken to protect and assist people who have been internally displaced by natural or human-made disasters, including those triggered by climate change. Moreover, as stated in article 2 (a), it is a particular objective of the Convention to prevent, mitigate, prohibit and eliminate the root causes of internal displacement. This requirement of prevention and mitigation is further detailed in article 4(2), which obligates parties to develop an early warning system in areas of potential displacement, disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency management measures, in addition to providing protection and assistance if necessary.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Other regional instruments, such as the Protocol on Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons, which implements the Guiding Principles, and the 2005 Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response of the Association of South East Asian Nations, provide further legal and policy frameworks to address displacement, including climate change-induced displacement, at the regional level. They could also potentially provide the basis for regional operational mechanisms for the coordination of humanitarian assistance, displacement-related adaptation schemes and the channelling of climate change adaptation funding.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- At the national level, the Guiding Principles are being increasingly used by many countries to develop their domestic laws and policies (see A/HRC/13/21, para. 15, and General Assembly resolution 64/162, paras. 10 and 13). The Nansen Principles (see para. 37 above) recognize the importance of the Guiding Principles in addressing climate change-induced internal displacement at the national level. Principle VIII states: "The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement provide a sound legal framework to address protection concerns arising from climate and other environmentally-related internal displacement. States are encouraged to ensure the adequate implementation and operationalization of these principles through national legislation, policies and institutions."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- In the context of climate change-induced internal displacement and the increased frequency of related natural disasters, it is now more important than ever that national legislation fully include provisions for these situations, and not just for situations of conflict-related displacement. In this regard, the Cancun Adaptation Framework specifically urges all parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to "strengthen and, where necessary, establish and/or designate national-level institutional arrangements, with a view to enhancing work on the full range of adaptation actions [including displacement-related adaptation measures], from planning to implementation" (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 32).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The present section focuses on adaptation strategies which relate to disaster management, prevention and durable solutions, rather than humanitarian assistance during the displacement phase itself. Effective responses to the human rights challenges related to climate change-induced internal displacement will require the international community to move beyond the traditional humanitarian assistance and reactive governance models. As suggested by principles IV and V of the Nansen principles, addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change is likely to demand greater focus on foresight, reliable data and monitoring systems, as well as the positive obligations of prevention, resilience building and durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Disaster risk reduction is defined as "the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibility to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development". Stated differently, disaster risk reduction seeks to address the underlying risk factors in order to reduce avoidable loss of life, as well as loss of property and livelihoods - many of which affect internally displaced persons directly. With this aim in mind, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Hyogo, Japan from 18 to 22 January 2005, adopted a 10-year plan which was signed by 168 States Members of the United Nations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- In the face of the increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards, governments have a responsibility to take reasonable preventive action to reduce exposure, minimize vulnerabilities and avoid or limit the adverse impact of hazards. As highlighted by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/142, the consequences of hazards can be prevented or substantially mitigated by disaster risk reduction strategies, which, it suggested, should be integrated into national development policies and programmes. Strategies may include physical infrastructures, but also measures to build national and local humanitarian response and disaster management systems, establish participation mechanisms and strengthen the resilience of affected persons and early recovery capacities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Early warning mechanisms can be instrumental in minimizing damage and loss of life, as well as displacement. However, preliminary analysis of the famine and resulting displacements in Somalia in July and August 2011 shows that while a disaster was forecast as early as November 2010 by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, the famine was not declared until July 2011, and response by donors to funding appeals by the United Nations was insufficient. While insecurity and lack of humanitarian access exacerbate the difficulties in the case of Somalia, this most recent situation, as well as the drought affecting neighbouring countries, have revealed systemic difficulties on the part of both States and the international community in responding proactively to early warnings in order to prevent disasters or limit the adverse impacts on populations, even in the case of slow-onset disasters such as famine. This indicates that technical mechanisms such as early warning systems need to be combined with political will and responsive governance systems that implement preparedness, disaster risk reduction and other adaptation measures in a timely.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- In addition to early warning systems, legal preparedness measures, such as national legislation and policies, and other measures to protect the human rights of internally displaced persons can be put in place before disaster strikes in order to limit the negative impact of potential displacement. They can include measures to preserve and restore family unity (e.g. during evacuations), which is a key factor contributing to protection, and to ensure the replacement of personal documentation through rapid and simplified procedures. They can also include measures to protect housing, land and property rights through the registration and safekeeping of land titles; mechanisms to resolve property disputes following a disaster; and precautions to ensure that disaster relief interventions are conducted in such a way as to avoid discrimination (for example on the basis of gender, age or ethnicity).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- According to the Guiding Principles, displacement must remain an option of last resort. It must only be exercised when there are no other alternatives, and be undertaken for legitimate purposes with sufficient legal and procedural guarantees.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Guiding Principle 7(1) provides that "prior to any decision requiring the displacement of persons, the authorities concerned shall ensure that all feasible alternatives are explored in order to avoid displacement altogether" and that " where no alternatives exist, all measures shall be taken to minimize displacement and its adverse effects". Adaptation strategies related to potential displacement should, therefore, also include investments and measures to avoid and minimize such displacements, where that is feasible.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Much of the attention to date in the area of protection from displacement has focused on protecting individuals or communities from "arbitrary" displacement (Guiding Principle 6), resulting from active violations of human rights by the State or other actors, such as when displacement is used as a form of collective punishment or to effect policies of ethnic cleansing, or when large-scale development projects fail to meet set requirements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Some climate change-induced displacement however, such as movements triggered by slow-onset disasters, may require more emphasis on the positive obligations of States, with the support of regional bodies and the international community, to anticipate, plan ahead and take measures to prevent or mitigate conditions likely to bring about displacement and threaten human rights. This precautionary role to ensure conditions conducive to human rights, including rights related to an adequate standard of living which allow one to avoid displacement, is a standard of governmental, international governance and human rights protection which is based on positive obligations and actions, rather than the negative obligation of non-interference in human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- To discharge its obligations, responsible governance will need to develop capacities to detect potential disaster and displacement situations early on, accountability mechanisms to ensure that follow-up prevention and protection measures are taken, and more effective systems of local and regional consultation which engage affected populations in decisions about their future. In particular, addressing potential displacement in cases of slow-onset disasters may demand that, in addition to environmental adaptation measures to minimize degradation (e.g. soil erosion), measures be taken to address a wide range of social issues at the local level. These can include pre-emptive measures such as economic diversification, the development of alternative forms of livelihoods, addressing issues related to the management of natural resources and putting in place appropriate social safety nets for the most vulnerable sectors of the population.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur on the right to food for example, has analysed the adverse impact of extreme climate changes on livelihoods and food security. The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries in particular, which has been well documented, will result in volatile markets and threaten the right to food for millions of people. It may be necessary to address and re-evaluate methods of agricultural production, in addition to addressing humanitarian assistance needs. Research and decisions made with regard to agricultural approaches and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will profoundly affect displacement patterns.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- When preventive measures have not been taken or are not feasible, displacement and pre-emptive movements by populations, which are rational adaptation responses, are likely to take place. Anticipating these movements, and ensuring data collection and monitoring in such situations are important in order to be able to plan for and minimize the negative consequences, including loss of life or property, and the risk of provoking instability in host areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In the case of internal displacement caused by sudden-onset disasters, disaster risk reduction and measures to build resilience are key elements to preventing displacement or limiting its consequences It is also important to ensure that early recovery and reconstruction are undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity so that displacement does not last longer than required. However, this has represented a key and systemic challenge to date, which humanitarian and development actors, as well as States, must address in their displacement-related adaptation strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to strengthen international cooperation and national capacities and expertise, with a view to developing approaches which can reduce loss and damage associated with the effects of climate change, in cases of both sudden disasters and slow-onset events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Importantly, the Framework specifically mentions activities related to risk reduction, resilience building, micro-insurance, risk sharing and economic diversification, as well as the need to address rehabilitation measures associated with slow-onset events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- It may at times be necessary to relocate people from high-risk or disaster-prone areas or in response to a slow-onset disaster which has made life unsustainable in a particular area. Where displacement takes place outside of an emergency situation, such as in the case of pre-emptive relocations by the Government, safeguards are necessary to ensure that individual rights are respected.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- Guiding Principle 7(3) provides for a number of such procedural guarantees, in addition to the requirements in Guiding Principle 7(1) mentioned in paragraph 52 above. A specific decision by an appropriate State authority is required; full information must be provided to internally displaced persons on the reasons and procedures for the displacement, the place of relocation and compensation; and their free and informed consent must be sought. Moreover, authorities must endeavour to involve affected persons, including women, in the management and planning of the relocation and ensure that the right to an effective remedy, including the review of decisions, is respected.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 63
- Paragraph text
- Plans to relocate individuals or communities need to ensure effective participation by the affected population in all decisions, including with regard to the new relocation site and the timing and modalities of the relocation. Key and often difficult issues in relocations frequently include access to land, livelihood opportunities and compensation for the displaced. Relocation plans need to be sensitive to other factors as well, such as issues of community, ethnic and cultural identity and possible (often pre-existing) incompatibilities or tensions with the receiving community. Measures which are sensitive to the needs and concerns of the receiving community, including with regard to absorption capacity (additional pressures placed on natural and other resources, community services, etc.), and which promote integration, and mediation where necessary, will often be necessary. These require working with all parties in order to foster trust and provide the necessary support for the relocation to both the displaced and the receiving communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- While sometimes necessary, the relocation of communities should always remain a measure of last resort. Relocation plans and sites often present a number of problems which tend to make them unsuccessful. Concerns relating to compensation and the loss of housing and livelihoods, for example, may result in resistance by communities to relocation plans until a tragedy or disaster strikes. In other situations, the problem is the distance between the original and the new site. Not recognising the importance of location can sometimes result in displaced persons returning to the original high-risk area. This is often the experience with informal settlements in urban settings for example. People frequently return to such settlements because of the high value they place on being close to the city centre, to their source of livelihood and to the community and social networks they have established, which are a critical source of support, especially for vulnerable groups.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- In low-lying island States, long-standing inhabitants of particular islands also often manifest the wish to move as a group and to stay close to their original location, even if they must move to a different island. Principles applicable to relocations in other contexts, such as development-linked evictions, can provide valuable guidance for the formulation of standards and procedures for relocations necessitated by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/4/18).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The erosion of livelihoods, in part provoked by climate change, is considered a key push factor for the increase in rural-to-urban migration, most of which will be to urban slums and informal settlements offering precarious living conditions (A/HRC/10/61, para. 37). More than 50 per cent of the world's population currently live in urban areas, most of which are situated in low- and middle-income nations. One third of this urban population (1 billion people) live in precarious informal settlements and slums, which exacerbates their vulnerability to humanitarian crisis. By 2030, it is estimated that urban populations will surpass 5 billion and that 80 per cent of urban populations will live in towns and cities in the developing world. In Asia and Africa, experts note that "urban growth is accentuated by the increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons who tend to migrate to cities".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The urban dimensions of climate change-induced displacement should therefore factor as a key consideration in national medium- and long-term national development strategies, as well as adaptation measures to address potential displacement. Cities may need to become more "expandable" to absorb potential influxes of people. At the same time, in order to decrease unplanned urban migratory flows, potential displacement situations need to be better managed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- Unplanned influxes to urban settings present a number of potential risks. Because internally displaced persons are more likely to be "untitled", "unregistered", "unlisted" and "undocumented", inequalities which existed prior to a disaster may be reinforced after the disaster. As newcomers, internally displaced persons are likely to have less access to resources and livelihoods, to live in slum areas, and to be the potential targets of urban violence in these sites. Like other impoverished slum-dwellers they may be forced to live in hazard-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfill sites, exposing them to risks to their physical safety and the risk of loss of housing and further displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- According to experts, the very "concentration of resources, assets and services in cities can lead to more debilitating impacts of disasters, conflict and violence". This has drawn the attention of the humanitarian community and urban specialists to the particular impact on urban settings of climate change, with a focus on the increasing urban vulnerability gap, housing challenges and the need to move away from only focusing on humanitarian response and develop disaster prevention strategies specific to urban settings.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Measures to mitigate climate change, such as investments in clean technologies (e.g. hydropower, wind power), agro-fuel production, forest conservation projects or the restoration of marshlands, are also predicted to cause significant levels of internal displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The international community has acknowledged that measures responding to the effects of climate change are likely to have adverse economic and social consequences for some, and that support, including financing, technology and capacity-building, will be necessary in order to minimize these impacts and "build up the resilience of societies and economies negatively affected by response measures". However, safeguards to prevent or minimize displacement resulting from measures which aim to mitigate climate change - and which in many cases affect indigenous and minority groups - continue to be weak.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Agro-fuel production and programmes to preserve forest cover, which have at times been found to impinge on the rights of indigenous peoples in relation to their traditional lands and culture, are examples of how some climate change mitigation measures can have adverse consequences and lead to forced displacement. Guidelines developed to date by development actors in the context of large-scale development projects, including some which promote clean energy such as hydroelectric dams, have been criticized as well for failing to minimize displacement and sufficiently apply human rights standards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Guiding Principles 6(c) and 7(1)(3) provide for specific standards and criteria that must be met when displacement is envisaged in a non-emergency context, such as with regard to the mitigation measures mentioned above and large-scale development projects. In the context of mitigation measures to address climate change, it will be important to assess the potential displacement likely to result from such measures and to strengthen guidelines, applying the standards in the Guiding Principles and a human rights-based approach.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- Given the predicted extent of displacement provoked by the effects of climate change, adaptation strategies will require measures not only to alleviate the immediate humanitarian consequences and suffering, but also to end situations of displacement through durable solutions. While moving or fleeing to a safer location may provide temporary relief, it is well established that prolonged displacement situations exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, create dependency, lead to social tensions, and generally lead to a number of serious protection, humanitarian and human rights challenges.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- In many instances, internally displaced persons may live in compact settlements or camps, which present a number of further concerns, including concerns for personal safety, and in particular sexual and gender-based violence; the pull factor related to the provision of assistance in the camps; and the fact that camps may sustain a humanitarian assistance situation for too long at the expense of early recovery and durable solutions. As levels of displacement rise in the context of climate change, the urgency of finding long-lasting solutions for affected populations and avoiding the precariousness, marginalization and instability associated with situations of protracted displacement, will become a national, and potentially regional, security imperative.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In order to be successful, adaptation measures addressing internal displacement must provide durable solutions strategies in the form of return, local integration or resettlement in another part of the country. However, in the context of climate change, durable solutions are likely to be more complex and less static or one-dimensional. They may combine a number of solutions, including movements which are seasonal or temporary, or solutions which include continuity with the place of origin as well as integration in a different part of the country (for example, part of the family returns to the place of origin permanently or on a seasonal basis, while the breadwinner works in another location). Strategies addressing internal displacement should therefore be sufficiently flexible to include and support various scenarios of human adaptation, and ensure that durable solutions are based on free and informed consent.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 77
- Paragraph text
- Standards and guidelines related to durable solutions are provided in the Guiding Principles 28 to 30 and the Framework for Durable Solutions. The latter provides that durable solutions can be considered to have been achieved "when internally displaced persons no longer have specific assistance and protection needs that are linked to their displacement and such persons can enjoy their human rights without discrimination resulting from their displacement (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4, para. 8)".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- A number of factors are conducive to durable solutions. One such factor is ensuring a transition early on from the humanitarian assistance phase to early recovery and reconstruction, thus allowing internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and rebuild their lives as early as possible after a disaster. The importance of ensuring that humanitarian assistance and development are mutually reinforcing from the beginning of an emergency is recognized in the guiding principles on humanitarian assistance annexed to General Assembly resolution 46/182. Yet, aligning humanitarian assistance and the longer-term objectives of recovery and development has been difficult in practice, as the various actors apply different criteria and considerations to their areas of activity. The difficulties are compounded in situations where national Governments do not have a clear long-term strategy. Predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of sudden-onset disasters, however, make it imperative to improve the capacity of local, national and international actors to bridge the gap between objectives linked to the humanitarian and the recovery and reconstruction phases.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Other factors conducive to durable solutions include re-establishing local economies and livelihoods, encouraging self-reliance in affected communities and promoting their participation in all activities, from humanitarian assistance delivery to engagement with development actors. In the case of resettlement or relocation, strategies related to land, housing and livelihoods are essential, as is a community-based approach which takes account of the needs of receiving communities. Increased internal displacement will also require mechanisms to address possible integration challenges and tensions with receiving communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- Durable solutions for displaced populations should be part of national adaptation plans, and local and national capacity-building programmes, and be supported by funds made available for adaptation measures. They should also be part of national development plans. Some effects of climate change, however, may affect the types of durable solutions accessible to affected populations. In the case of certain types of slow-onset disasters, for example, return may not be a viable alternative for the foreseeable future. This highlights the need to explore various possible options early on and integrate them within national development and adaptation plans, in order to minimize the social and humanitarian consequences of spontaneous and large-scale internal displacement. In extreme situations, such as the case of some low-lying island States, where conditions are no longer fit for human habitation, durable solutions may also have to be explored through regional and international cooperative efforts, which may pave the way for new standards and options, including cross-border displacements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 81
- Paragraph text
- Procedural rights of affected persons have a critical place in the context of climate change-induced displacement. They help ensure respect for human rights and a more effective response to specific vulnerabilities, and promote the empowerment of affected persons as well as the full use of their capacities. Indeed, individual and community resilience will largely depend on the extent to which internally displaced persons are empowered to adapt to change and included in decisions affecting their lives. Procedural rights include, inter alia, access to information; consultation and effective participation in decision-making processes; and access to effective remedies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- It is important to ensure that procedural and accountability mechanisms are in place to guarantee participation of affected populations at all stages of displacement. Guiding Principles 7, 28 and 30 provide for specific procedural rights of internally displaced persons in relation to prevention of displacement as well as guarantees of their participation in relocation and durable solution processes. Host and receiving communities should also feature in many of these participatory and consultation processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to support adaptation measures which are "country driven, gender sensitive, participatory and fully transparent […] taking into consideration vulnerable groups [and] communities" (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 12). It further recognizes the need for measures to enhance understanding and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement and planned relocation and the need to undertake impact vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including on the social and economic consequences of climate change adaptation options and response measures (paras. 14 (b) and (f) and preamble to section III.E). While complementary, the Guiding Principles and the Framework for Durable Solutions provide more specific and detailed guidance on standards related to participatory and procedural rights of internally displaced persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- The State has the primary responsibility to protect and assist persons displaced within its borders. At the same time, in the context of climate change-induced displacement and the disproportionate burden imposed on poor regions and countries, shared international responsibility has also been acknowledged. Where State capacities and resources are insufficient, international cooperation and partnerships should help support the cost of adaptation measures. This is consistent with human rights standards and principles (A/HRC/10/61, para. 87) and recognized in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, which invites Parties to enhance action on adaptation, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities as well as their priorities and circumstances (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 14).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- More specifically, the Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes, in paragraph 14 (f), the need for national, regional and international cooperation with regard to adaptation strategies to address displacement issues, migration and relocation - cooperation which can present opportunities for agreements and new standards to facilitate and support the movement of peoples, including outside their national borders when that is necessary.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- Climate change has served to crystallize the impact of actions by individual States which go beyond the State to affect the rights of people and communities around the globe. Climate change knows no State or generational boundaries. Effective systems of international cooperation and responsible domestic governance are thus required to address it in line with human rights obligations and to support adaptation strategies to deal with the various human rights challenges, such as displacement, that it presents to the international community as a whole.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 87
- Paragraph text
- A human rights-based approach should be used to inform and strengthen all actions, at the local, regional, national and international levels, to address climate change-related internal displacement. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which are based on standards in international human rights law, humanitarian law and, by analogy, refugee law, provide a sound legal framework which States should implement at the national level through legislation, policies and institutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Adaptation measures to address climate change-induced displacement should be comprehensive in nature, so as to encompass disaster risk reduction and management; proactive strategies to prevent or minimize displacement; planned relocations, when appropriate; pre-emptive internal migration when this is based on sound national policies and used as a coping mechanism in the case of slow-onset disasters; and durable solutions. Such measures must be in line with international human rights obligations, and include the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection to affected persons during the displacement phase.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- The various climate change adaptation funds should incorporate support for adaptation measures related to climate change-induced internal displacement. They should support the efforts of national Governments in this regard as well as community engagement. Financing mechanisms should adopt a comprehensive approach to displacement-related adaptation measures, running the gamut from prevention to durable solutions as detailed above, and uphold safeguards with regard to forced displacements and planned relocations. Such mechanisms should keep abreast of relevant research and be consistent with normative developments in this field.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- Disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness measures should be enhanced in order to prevent or minimize the displacement of persons. This is particularly necessary in light of the more frequent and severe sudden-onset disasters, as well as the dire humanitarian consequences of slow-onset disasters such as droughts, both of which are due to the negative effects of climate change. National disaster management systems, laws and policies should incorporate a human rights-based approach, stress local or community capacity-building and participation and refer to applicable standards on internal displacement in the event displacement cannot be avoided. Disaster management measures should be included in national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- Mechanisms to promote the engagement and participation and to strengthen the capacities of local governments, communities, civil society and the private sector should be enhanced and supported. Their role is instrumental to effectively address the challenges related to climate change. Community participation should involve those who are most vulnerable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes the climate change mitigation targets set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process and encourages additional efforts in this regard, as mitigation of the effects of climate change will also reduce the numbers of people internally displaced as a result of climate change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 93
- Paragraph text
- Measures to enhance knowledge in the area of climate change-related displacement are necessary and should be taken as soon as possible, in accordance with the recommendation of the Cancun Adaptation Framework (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16). This should include research on the scope and scale of such displacement, which should be based on consultations with affected communities and inter-agency and interdisciplinary efforts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- Particular efforts are required to understand and respond better to situations of slow-onset disaster related to climate change, so as to avoid or minimize related human suffering and displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Research is encouraged on the potential displacement of persons through climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, such as those promoting clean energy. Such research should explore the scope and nature of such displacements, as well as further actions which may be necessary to ensure the human rights of those displaced by such projects, in line with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and other applicable human rights standards and guidelines.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- Further guidance should be developed with regard to situations where relocation of populations is deemed necessary owing to the effects of climate change. Such guidance should be based on lessons learned and ensure that the rights of persons who must be relocated are guaranteed. In particular, issues of compensation, property rights, procedural rights, community and cultural identity, livelihoods and support to receiving communities should be addressed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 97
- Paragraph text
- Global monitoring mechanisms for internal displacement should be strengthened with a view to encompassing both sudden- and slow-onset disasters related to climate change, and help determine the overall scope of displacement that is connected to the phenomenon of climate change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- The urban dimension of climate change-related displacement should be further researched and operational responses enhanced, so as to address the distinctive nature of urban vulnerabilities and capacities and the potential increase and impact of unplanned urban migration resulting from increased slow- and sudden-onset disasters.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 99
- Paragraph text
- Specific guidance should be developed for Member States on how to ensure that displacement is taken into account in the climate change debate, on the normative standards and guidance documents available and on the human rights implications and broader dynamics of climate change-induced displacement, such as its impact on security and urban migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- Increased international support is needed to strengthen local and national capacities and legal frameworks and policies to address displacement resulting from the effects of climate change. This cooperation and assistance, and the full implementation of paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework, will be essential to support States in taking all necessary steps to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of affected persons in accordance with their international human rights obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- In order to achieve concrete results and establish stronger operational and accountability structures, greater focus must now be placed on policy and programme implementation at the regional, national and subnational levels. This requires enhancing actions and advocacy in regional and national level forums on specific adaptations measures to address climate change-related displacement, both internal and regional.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- The role of the Inter-agency Standing Committee in addressing and advocating on general humanitarian concerns as well as displacement-specific issues related to climate change is key and should be strengthened, including through the work of its task force on climate change, its participation in key global policy forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and technical inputs at the regional, national and subnational levels to build resilience and scale up practical climate change activities and adaptation measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2013
- Document code
- A/68/225
Document
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- The present report builds on the long history of efforts by the current mandate holder and his predecessors to support efforts to resolve displacement and reflects the Special Rapporteur's decision to make achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons a priority of the second term of his mandate. In this context, he welcomes the increasingly widespread recognition of the need for a paradigm shift that recognizes displacement not only as a humanitarian concern, but also as a development and peacebuilding challenge in the period after armed conflict. He is also pleased to note a number of important new opportunities to address this issue, including decision No. 2011/20 of the Policy Committee, in which the Secretary-General endorsed the preliminary framework on ending displacement in the aftermath of conflict (hereinafter "Secretary-General's Framework"), which establishes priorities and responsibilities to support the delivery of durable solutions for internally displaced persons and refugees returning to their country of origin; the Transitional Solutions Initiative by UNDP, UNHCR and the World Bank, which is aimed at ending the dependency of displaced persons on humanitarian assistance, creating sustainable livelihoods for them and improving conditions for the host communities; the negotiation of the post-2015 development agenda; the evolution of debates on early recovery, resilience and State fragility; and the piloting of new donor arrangements such as the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- While recognizing the value of these strides - and aiming to strengthen them through the present report - the Special Rapporteur stresses the primary responsibility of States to facilitate durable solutions to displacement. Such solutions include, in accordance with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, sustainable reintegration at the place of origin (return), sustainable local integration in areas where internally displaced persons take refuge (local integration) and sustainable integration in another part of the country (settlement elsewhere in the country). The IASC Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons indicates that a "durable solution is achieved when internally displaced persons no longer have any specific assistance and protection needs that are linked to their displacement and can enjoy their human rights without discrimination on account of their displacement" (see A/HRC/13/21/Add.4).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- Supporting durable solutions for internally displaced persons, in particular through the engagement of development and peacebuilding actors, has been a long-standing challenge that has recently attracted increased attention. Initiatives to promote a more holistic and effective approach to durable solutions will require the engagement of a broad range of actors, including Governments, United Nations agencies, development banks, the International Monetary Fund, private-sector actors and local and international non-governmental organizations. In keeping with his mandate to promote human-rights-based approaches to durable solutions for internally displaced persons, the Special Rapporteur seeks herein to lay the ground for more actively engaging development and peacebuilding actors, together with humanitarian and human rights actors, in collaborative efforts to devise durable solutions to displacement. The present report is informed by the IASC Framework and intended to support the implementation of the Secretary-General's Framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Many elements of this complex issue cannot be tackled herein. In particular, while the Special Rapporteur focuses on development actors and durable solutions in the context of peacebuilding, he also acknowledges the need to actively support durable solutions for internally displaced persons uprooted by natural disasters (see A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the need to focus future work on the role of donor and recipient States in tackling internal displacement through development and to strengthen the capacity of States to support durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- There has been a long-standing commitment on the part of the mandate holders to supporting durable solutions through missions and working visits, the development of frameworks and engagement with key stakeholders, including the World Bank and the Peacebuilding Commission. For example, in the course of missions and working visits to a range of countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Georgia, Iraq, Nepal, Serbia, Somalia and the Sudan, the mandate holders have analysed the close relationship between durable solutions, development and peacebuilding processes. They have made recommendations to address outstanding concerns with regard to those dimensions (see, for example, A/HRC/23/44/Add.1 and A/HRC/4/38/Add.2), while stressing the need to integrate issues pertaining to internally displaced persons and durable solutions into national development plans, peacebuilding strategies and peace agreements (see, for example, A/HRC/16/43/Add.1 and A/HRC/16/43/Add.2 and Corr.1). Legal standards are also being set in this regard. For example, States parties to the Kampala Convention now have a duty to endeavour to incorporate the relevant principles contained in the Convention into peace negotiations and agreements for the purpose of finding solutions to the problem of internal displacement, as stated in article 3 (2) (e). The Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region, signed in 2006, provides an appropriate legal framework and addresses displacement and durable solutions under the Protocol on the Protection of and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and the Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons, both adopted in 2006, in the overall context of humanitarian assistance, development, security and peacebuilding. The Special Rapporteur continues to cooperate with the African Union and the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region with regard to the implementation of the Kampala Convention and the Pact.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- Holders of the mandate have addressed and cooperated with the Peacebuilding Commission, encouraging its secretariat to include the rights of displaced persons in its deliberations (see A/62/227, para. 58) and providing expertise on issues relating to internally displaced persons with regard to Burundi and the Central African Republic (see A/65/282 and Corr.1, para. 54). Recognizing that addressing internal displacement in peace agreements is an important step towards achieving durable solutions and ensuring the sustainability of peacebuilding efforts, a previous mandate holder, in cooperation with the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat, developed a guide for mediators on integrating internal displacement into peace processes and peace agreements (see ibid., paras. 38 and 39).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- The holders of the mandate provided their most comprehensive guidance on durable solutions to date by spearheading the collaborative development of the IASC Framework. It identifies the human-rights-based principles that should inform the pursuit of durable solutions and sets out criteria to identify the extent to which a durable solution has been attained, as well as providing examples of indicators that can be adapted to local contexts to monitor progress towards such solutions. It recognizes that achieving durable solutions is a complex process that encompasses human rights, humanitarian, development, reconstruction and peacebuilding challenges and must involve the coordinated and timely engagement of various actors, with international humanitarian and development actors playing a complementary role to that of national authorities. UNDP, UNHCR and the World Bank indicate that, thanks to the development of the IASC Framework, "there is a greater recognition now than ever that displacement is not just a humanitarian issue and that displaced persons have developmental needs which cannot be realized with short-term humanitarian assistance only".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Since at least the 1960s, the case for bridging the gap between relief and development assistance to displaced populations has been made, but efforts to tackle the problem have waxed and waned. It is the collective experience of the mandate holders over the years that internally displaced persons are worse after the emergency phase of humanitarian assistance in terms of livelihoods, social services, shelter, adequate food and access to health and education, for example. This is due to the fact that humanitarian actors often disengage from providing assistance after the emergency phase of a humanitarian crisis and development actors do not become involved until normal conditions for promoting early recovery, reconstruction and durable solutions are established.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Most efforts to bridge this gap have focused on refugees rather than on internally displaced persons, partly because the regime for the protection of internally displaced persons did not exist when the efforts began. Unlike in the case of refugees, providing protection and assistance to internally displaced persons involves an inter-agency approach in which the dichotomy between humanitarian and development actors has hitherto been reinforced. This state of affairs has changed in recent years, with the mainstreaming of the human rights of internally displaced persons in protection and assistance cycles becoming increasingly common. While some efforts have focused on displaced persons who remain in protracted displacement situations, many appear to be aimed at supporting durable solutions. Many initiatives linking relief to development strive to promote peaceful coexistence and increase stability in displacement-affected areas. In some cases, however, the problem remains that these initiatives have not been explicitly integrated into national peacebuilding strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- In the 1980s, international efforts to bridge the gap between relief and development assistance included the UNHCR refugee aid and development approach, applied through the International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa, in 1981, and the Second International Conference on Assistance to Refugees in Africa, in 1984. It was followed by the International Conference on Central American Refugees process, launched in 1989 with the aim of supporting durable solutions for Central American refugees and internally displaced persons. According to UNDP, UNHCR and the World Bank, the conferences "demonstrated and to large extent created awareness and recognition that displacement has development challenges which can only be addressed by linking relief and development".6 The Development Programme for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Returnees in Central America complemented the Central American process and was seen as a "successful programme with UNDP playing a prominent role in engaging development actors".6 Although the longer-term success of the International Conference on Central American Refugees and the Development Programme for Displaced Persons, Refugees and Returnees in Central America processes has been questioned, the latter model was subsequently adjusted and replicated in numerous countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Various ad hoc initiatives to link emergency and development assistance followed the two international conferences, including IASC Working Group deliberations that led to the establishment of a reference group on post-conflict reintegration, convened by UNDP. In 1999, UNHCR and the World Bank co-sponsored two round tables on the gap between humanitarian assistance and long-term development in post-conflict, forced displacement contexts (known as the Brookings Process). Under the leadership of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the President of the World Bank, the round tables identified opportunities to improve institutional and financial arrangements to overcome the gap and field-level partnership initiatives to tackle the problem.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- While the Brookings Process prompted a task force on peace, conflict and security under the auspices of the Development Cooperation Directorate of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to examine best practices pertaining to the gap between relief and development assistance and spurred greater cooperation between the World Bank and UNHCR, it was ultimately unable to secure major changes in the operational cultures of donors and humanitarian and development actors. Nonetheless, the Brookings Process was revived in 2003 to inform UNHCR initiatives under the Framework for Durable Solutions for Refugees and Persons of Concern, including with regard to development assistance for refugees; repatriation, reintegration, rehabilitation and reconstruction; and development through local integration. UNDP, UNHCR and the World Bank have noted that "these initiatives generated mixed results but in the process all contributed immensely to the debate".6 In 2004, in guidance on durable solutions, the United Nations Development Group recognized the predominantly ad hoc approach taken and called for an integrated approach to addressing the development challenges that displacement prevention and sustainable integration of internally displaced persons posed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Although the terminology used to discuss approaches to addressing the humanitarian and development gap has evolved over the years, the issue may broadly be understood as part of the early recovery or "transition" process. The process should be characterized by the joint involvement of humanitarian and development actors at the outset of displacement and informed by the applicable international framework of human rights as a means of building and sustaining the resilience of internally displaced persons beyond the emergency phase. Human rights principles, such as human dignity, non-discrimination, participation and protection, both of civil and political rights and economic, social and cultural rights, manifest an approach to development that is based on human rights and provide an important foundation for efforts to link emergency relief and development efforts in support of solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- Structural and operational impediments continue to hinder effective cooperation between humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors to support durable solutions. While the IASC Framework provides a significant tool for addressing the nexus between peacebuilding, development and durable solutions, the implementation of the Secretary-General's Framework provides an important opportunity to tackle existing structural and operational impediments to solutions to displacement, alongside broader efforts by States, civil society and other actors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- As mentioned above, in decision No. 2011/20 of the Policy Committee, the Secretary-General endorsed the preliminary framework on ending displacement in the aftermath of conflict. Developed in response to his 2009 report on peacebuilding (A/63/881-S/2009/304), it establishes priorities and responsibilities so as to support the delivery of durable solutions for internally displaced persons and refugees returning to their country of origin. It identifies gaps in supporting durable solutions, including ineffective coordination, failure of recovery and development strategies to incorporate the needs of internally displaced persons, insufficient support to build national capacity and partnerships with non-United Nations actors, lack of funding for reintegration and lack of adequate programming (promoting social and economic recovery, protection, security, rule of law, governance and social cohesion).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Although reference is briefly made to the IASC Framework and the need to take a rights-based approach to durable solutions, the bulk of the document is appropriately devoted to an analysis of institutional gaps and identification of specific activities and partnerships that could fill them, which are laid out in a potential response matrix for priority rapid response interventions to be undertaken by a number of United Nations organizations within the first 24 months following the end of conflict. The Secretary-General directs the resident coordinator/humanitarian coordinator, with the support of UNHCR as Global Protection Cluster lead and UNDP as Early Recovery Cluster lead, to develop and implement strategies on durable solutions for internally displaced persons and returning refugees. Afghanistan, Côte d'Ivoire and Kyrgyzstan are the three pilot countries for this process. Of those countries, the Special Rapporteur continues to be engaged in Afghanistan and Côte d'Ivoire (see A/HRC/23/44 and Add.1) and stands ready to provide relevant expertise.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 38
- Paragraph text
- The piloting and broader implementation of the Secretary-General's Framework are key steps towards more coordinated and effective international support for durable solutions. To this end, it is important to recognize the differences and complementarities between the tools and the need for the implementation of the Secretary-General's Framework and the development of durable solutions strategies to be informed by the rights-based approach identified in the IASC Framework, with its organizing principles of voluntariness, informed choice and participation. Although the IASC Framework focuses on internally displaced persons while the Secretary-General's Framework looks at both internally displaced persons and returning refugees, the rights-based approach discussed in the IASC Framework is highly relevant to the concerns facing returning refugees, some of whom end up as internally displaced persons, as in Afghanistan.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- A significant difference between the tools is that, while the Secretary-General's Framework focuses on the first two years following an armed conflict, the IASC Framework deals with displacement caused by a range of factors and recognizes that attaining durable solutions is a gradual process that can take many years. Rapid response interventions such as those identified in the response matrix can make valuable contributions to enabling durable solutions, in particular if they contribute to the attainment of the conditions for durable solutions set out in the IASC Framework, such as safety and security and access to livelihoods and housing. Durable solutions strategies should, however, have a longer and broader horizon and be integrated into national, regional and local development plans. Integrated implementation of the two frameworks is particularly important in order to respond to the question of the extent to which durable solutions have been achieved, using the criteria and indicators identified in the IASC Framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 40
- Paragraph text
- An integrated analysis of these tools underscores the need for the development of durable solutions strategies to become a routine element of international responses to crises involving displacement. The development and implementation of these strategies should cut across sectors and be participatory, involving a wide range of international agencies, national and local authorities, non-governmental organizations and representatives of returnee, internally displaced and displacement-affected communities. Durable solutions strategies should deal equitably with the rights and specific needs of displacement-affected communities and be localized in order to ensure that they are appropriately inclusive and maximize the capacities and coping strategies of displaced persons. An approach based on human rights underscores that durable solutions strategies must respect the rights to freedom of movement and choice of residence. Such an approach also brings into focus concerns that must be addressed in order to achieve development goals in displacement-affected communities, such as ensuring equal and non-discriminatory access to education, health services, livelihoods, land, property rights and equality before the law. Transitional justice, peacebuilding, reconciliation, rule of law and security reform and land reform efforts are also highly relevant to durable solutions to displacement, underlining the need to include considerations of internally displaced persons and the participation of displacement-affected communities in these processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Developing and implementing strategies that deal with the humanitarian, development and peacebuilding dimensions of durable solutions requires strengthened efforts to collect, analyse and share data (including through profiling exercises) and integrate issues pertaining to displacement into development initiatives. At the same time, robust efforts are needed to monitor the long-term impact of durable solutions interventions and to share insight gleaned from efforts such as the Transitional Solutions Initiative and the piloting of the Secretary-General's Framework. To this end, increased clarity is needed regarding the process for moving from that pilot stage to refining and broader implementation. This process should consider the potential applicability of the Secretary-General's Framework to the pursuit of durable solutions after natural disasters and in countries experiencing protracted conflicts. The Special Rapporteur is dedicated to supporting that process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Persistent barriers hinder cooperation between humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors in support of durable solutions. They include different planning cycles, time frames, mandates, operational systems, terminology, vocabulary and approaches to working with Governments; use of different criteria to evaluate success and lack of common operationalizable benchmarks or indicators to measure progress towards durable solutions; lack of systematic, comprehensive and collaborative data collection and analysis, in addition to monitoring and evaluation exercises; disconnects between policies and priorities at the field and headquarters levels; inadequate engagement of the wide range of relevant ministries, international organizations (including development banks) and non-governmental organizations with roles to play in supporting solutions; failure to maximize the relative strengths of actors; lack of national and international ownership of the issue and lack of focused or coordinated leadership in support of solutions; lack of technical capacity and sustained support for solutions at the local, national and international levels; inadequate access to long-term funding, in particular to scale up successful pilots and integrate initiatives designed to support solutions into broader development programmes; that donors have separate funding streams for humanitarian and development programmes and struggle to ensure cooperation and coordination between them; insufficient consideration of durable solutions issues in transition and mission drawdown plans; failure to engage the private sector in developing innovative solutions; and insufficient awareness and inadequate integration of displacement considerations into development, peacebuilding and human rights capacity-building efforts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The following sections provide a reflection on some elements of these pressing challenges.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Although human rights principles provide a critical foundation for the work of humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors alike, differences in terminology and conceptual frameworks have often hindered cooperation in support of durable solutions, thereby perpetuating the misperception that displacement is simply a humanitarian issue, rather than a complex phenomenon often requiring development and peacebuilding solutions. This state of affairs has had significant negative implications for attaining development goals, building resilience and resolving conflicts. There is a need to raise awareness of the connections between these issues and to demonstrate that it is in the interests of States and other development and peacebuilding actors to support durable solutions as an investment in poverty reduction and conflict prevention. Given that the approaches of each sector have their merits, moving forward the aim must be to maximize the strengths and contributions of each with a view to strengthening the capacity of displacement-affected communities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 45
- Paragraph text
- Efforts to address displacement as a development concern have sometimes been stymied by debates over whether it is appropriate to target internally displaced persons and/or to undertake area-wide efforts that include internally displaced persons but do not target them specifically. Assessments conducted by UNDP in Georgia and the World Bank in Afghanistan, for example, have determined that internally displaced persons do face particular development needs relating to issues such as housing and tenure security. Meeting such needs in a targeted manner, while integrating internally displaced persons into broader development and peacebuilding plans, is conducive to achieving development goals and consistent with an approach based on human rights. Internally displaced persons also face a number of other particular challenges requiring specific and targeted measures, such as with regard to the issuance or replacement of personal documents, compensation for or restitution of property, family reunification and assistance in ensuring access to public services, among others. Ensuring that such targeted measures are in place, and that development and peacebuilding programmes, in addition to broader programmes such as those relating to poverty reduction and land reform, include internally displaced persons and support durable solutions, can make significant contributions to reducing fragility and poverty. In addition, ensuring that the needs of host or receiving communities are also factored into durable solutions strategies is important for the viability of programmes and to reduce possible community tensions. As questions of State fragility are integrated into mainstream development debates, including in the context of the negotiation of the post-2015 development agenda, it is essential that the concerns facing internally displaced persons and refugees be appropriately and equitably integrated.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- The impoverishment risk and reconstruction approach can help to position displacement as a development issue with human rights protection implications. This approach underscores that internal displacement increases the risk of impoverishment in various ways and identifies the particular development processes required to reverse or respond to such risks. For example, the risk of landlessness requires responses such as property restitution or provision of land access; the risk of unemployment requires livelihood support; the risk of homelessness requires support for access to housing; and the risk of lost education opportunities requires access to schooling during and after displacement. This approach underscores the need to move beyond early recovery debates and reconceptualize displacement as a process that heightens the risk of impoverishment and exposure to particular human rights violations. From this perspective, the entry point for analysis and response is identification of the relevant risks and rights, followed by systemic efforts to address them using the mandates of particular agencies or ministries. The human security approach uses different language to address the same concerns and can also be helpfully used to frame the efforts of humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors to enable durable solutions to displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- These reconceptualizations are important to integrating displacement and durable solutions into national, regional and municipal development plans and peacebuilding and transitional justice strategies. In this context, it is essential to see durable solutions as options available to internally displaced persons, moving beyond viewing return as a litmus test for stability and recognizing that returnees may be affected by a range of socioeconomic and security concerns. To better understand the ways in which peacebuilding approaches may support durable solutions (including through strengthening civil society groups, analysing sectarian dynamics, managing conflict in return communities and facilitating dialogue between conflicted groups), it may be helpful for the Peacebuilding Support Office to undertake a thematic review of the issue. Such a review could promote more consistent engagement in support of solutions from within the peacebuilding community and help humanitarian and development actors to effectively integrate peacebuilding approaches into durable solutions interventions, with support from the Peacebuilding Fund and from the peace and development advisers jointly deployed by UNDP and the Department of Political Affairs of the Secretariat.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Achieving durable solutions depends to varying degrees on progress in responding to structural challenges. This includes ensuring that urban planning, environmental protection, security sector reform, natural resource management and tenure reform efforts are effective and consider the particular concerns facing internally displaced persons. Governments and other actors are sometimes eager to promote return as the preferred solution. Durable solutions strategies must, however, be cognizant of the ways in which structural challenges may affect the decisions of internally displaced persons. For example, urbanization of internally displaced persons during the displacement phase may render rural returns less viable. Durable solutions strategies must respect the rights to freedom of movement and residency of internally displaced persons and should take into account considerations such as political and geographical divides (including tensions between central and periphery regions) and environmental sustainability. Owing to the vulnerability that internally displaced persons often face (e.g. discrimination, impoverishment and marginalization in decision-making), they may be excluded from or negatively affected by development activities in regions emerging from conflict. For example, internally displaced persons may be forced out of informal urban settlements or peripheral areas to make way for the construction of schools and business ventures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Housing, land and property issues are among the most complex structural concerns that must be tackled in order to enable durable solutions. Dealing with the underlying structural sources of conflict, such as unequal access to land, insecurity of tenure for customary rights holders or in informal settlements and non-transparent decision-making regarding land use, can also be key to durable solutions. For example, restitution programmes intended to benefit internally displaced persons must be appropriately situated within broader efforts if they are to result in greater tenure security for displacement-affected communities. Poorly conceived responses to the housing, land and property concerns of internally displaced persons can have significant implications for gender equity, relations between displaced and non-displaced communities, susceptibility to land-grabbing and prospects for economic development. For example, in some instances, land belonging to internally displaced persons may have been purchased by others in good faith and/or investment and development activities may have been undertaken on the land in their absence. Identifying mutually beneficial ways to accommodate the rights and interests of internally displaced persons and investors or purchasers may be a critical step towards the sustainable resolution of displacement in many contexts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- The achievement of durable solutions requires leadership and accountability on the part of national, local and international actors. While reiterating the primary responsibility and leading role of States in facilitating durable solutions, the Special Rapporteur believes that international actors can also strengthen these aspects. Ultimately, this will enable better coordination and cooperation with government actors at both the central and local levels. In this context, the Special Rapporteur welcomes the UNDP efforts to include the reintegration of displaced populations in its new strategic plan and encourages UNDP to develop a reintegration strategy or guidance note and engage in capacity-building activities to ensure effective action on the issue. The Special Rapporteur stands ready to support such work. Efforts may also be required to better understand the role of peacebuilding and peace support missions in enabling durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- In addition to the above, strengthening leadership and accountability in supporting durable solutions requires joint, high-level advocacy from within the United Nations system and identifying appropriately resourced focal points for durable solutions work in all agencies identified in the Secretary-General's Framework. The innovative contributions made by individuals with professional experience straddling the humanitarian, development and peacebuilding sectors, such as the UNHCR and UNDP joint agricultural project in Kaspi, Georgia, suggest that encouraging such cross-cutting expertise can be a valuable investment (e.g. through secondments between agencies and partnerships with civil society). As leaders in the humanitarian and development communities, resident coordinators and humanitarian coordinators can play a catalytic role in supporting solutions. Their positive contributions to durable solutions may be enhanced through focused training and clearer reporting requirements, in line with the Secretary-General's Framework, which assigns them with greater responsibility for the development of durable solutions strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- While donors play a critical role in financing and promoting durable solutions initiatives to resolve displacement, short-term funding cycles and stovepiped funding streams have also complicated cooperation between humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors. In this context, what might be termed "donor champions" can lead the way in identifying flexible funding arrangements, incentivizing cooperation, applying diplomatic measures to help to overcome obstacles and ensuring that peacebuilding and development actors, including development banks, deal with displacement more systematically and concertedly. Improving donor practice requires engaging not only the branches of donor agencies dealing with humanitarian crises and multilateral agencies, but also those focused on bilateral agreements. The argument for incorporating internally displaced persons into development plans is often made, but rarely acted upon; donors can play a key role in breaking this trend by developing specific measures or procedures designed to actively encourage or require, depending on the context, the integration of displacement and durable solutions into these plans and bilateral cooperation agreements.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- Alongside the negotiation of the post-2015 development agenda, the 2012-2015 piloting of the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States affords an important opportunity to integrate durable solutions into the pursuit of development goals in fragile States, in particular because several pilot countries have major situations regarding internally displaced persons, including Afghanistan (where the Secretary-General's Framework is being simultaneously piloted), the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and South Sudan. The New Deal recognizes that constructive State-society relations and the empowerment of women, young people and marginalized groups as key actors for peace are at the heart of successful peacebuilding and state-building. Internally displaced persons should be acknowledged as an essential stakeholder group in the implementation of the New Deal, in particular because the peacebuilding and state-building goals at the core of the New Deal are directly relevant to durable solutions. They include legitimate politics (fostering inclusive political settlements and conflict resolution), security (establishing and strengthening people's security), justice (addressing injustices and increasing people's access to justice), economic foundations (generating employment and improving livelihoods) and revenues and services (managing revenue and building capacity for accountable and fair service delivery).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The goals are to guide the identification of peacebuilding and state-building priorities at the country level. This is where the integration of durable solutions should be ensured, including through the inclusion of displacement and durable solutions concerns in the assessments and indicators developed to guide the implementation and review of the New Deal.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- A number of the innovations and breakthroughs achieved at multiple levels in support of durable solutions for internally displaced persons deserve mention. For example, various donors have been experimenting with the provision of multi-year funding for transitional projects in displacement-affected communities. In Kyrgyzstan, a durable solutions coordinator has been deployed for the first time in the context of the piloting of the Secretary-General's Framework, thus providing a potentially replicable example of operational support for solutions. Representatives of United Nations and civil society groups are working together to provide technical guidance on the development of durable solutions strategies. Important lessons have emerged from the integration of disaster risk reduction into development agendas worldwide, some of which may be applied to help to ensure that durable solutions sought for conflict-induced internally displaced persons increase their resiliency and limit their risk of future displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- At the local level, development non-governmental organizations involved in supporting internally displaced persons in emergency contexts are applying their community development expertise to provide longer-term development and peacebuilding support for durable solutions. Around the world, internally displaced persons have mobilized to push for their rights, initiating development and peacebuilding projects and taking a leading role in crafting their own solutions to displacement. In Yemen, with timely support from the Peacebuilding Fund, internally displaced persons voiced their concerns and perspectives through consultations feeding into a national dialogue conference. Overall, a stronger sense is developing regarding the challenges and opportunities at stake and the efforts necessary to support the resilience of individuals and communities, many of which should occur both before displacement (through improved human rights protection and development programmes) and in the early aftermath of displacement so as to avoid the exacerbation of vulnerability and poverty in the longer term.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- As many post-conflict contexts and, in particular, situations of protracted displacement demonstrate, the resolution of internal displacement situations requires concerted and consolidated efforts by humanitarian, human rights, development and peacebuilding actors. States bear the primary responsibility for finding durable solutions for internally displaced persons based on the recognition of such persons' right to choose between the options of return, local integration or settlement elsewhere in the country. States facing the complex challenge of finding durable solutions should receive support from international and national organizations and donor States in meeting the humanitarian, development, peacebuilding and human rights demands of such a long process of ending displacement. The Special Rapporteur seeks to support and facilitate such cooperative and coordinated efforts by Governments, international organizations, the international community, internally displaced persons and relevant national actors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur's recommendations are based on the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, relevant aspects of the Kampala Convention, the IASC Framework and the Secretary-General's Framework, which are the relevant frameworks for tackling all types and stages of internal displacement, paying particular attention to prevention and durable solutions strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Develop national frameworks, structures and policies on internal displacement that specifically take on the challenge of finding durable solutions. Such frameworks, structures and policies should recognize the right of internally displaced persons to freely choose among the recognized solutions and identify activities to support such solutions in conformity with the IASC Framework and respective standards in regional instruments, in particular the Kampala Convention. They should address chronic barriers to solutions, including access to justice mechanisms and transitional justice; protection of and access to housing, land and property rights; and the re-establishment of livelihoods as an essential element to build the resilience of internally displaced persons. In this connection, national authorities should make adequate budgetary provisions and ensure human resource capacity in all relevant ministries and local authorities in order to implement such frameworks, structures and policies;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Include durable solutions in national and local development plans, poverty reduction and alleviation plans, national economic reconstruction plans, transition plans, urban development plans and peacebuilding and stabilization efforts;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Ratify and implement the Kampala Convention - for States members of the African Union; implement the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region - for States members of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region. All States concerned should endeavour to incorporate the relevant principles contained in the Convention and the Pact into peace negotiations and agreements for the purpose of finding solutions to the problem of internal displacement;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [States affected by displacement] Undertake early, participatory and joint planning in support of durable solutions, ensuring the engagement of local authorities. Such cross-sectoral planning may require adapting to institutional cultures and policies, including funding parameters, to enable the provision of longer-term support for durable solutions and facilitate the engagement of development and peacebuilding actors;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [Donor States] Recognize the resolution of internal displacement as an essential element of effective transitions, conflict resolution and prevention, economic reconstruction, stabilization efforts, resilience-building, disaster risk reduction efforts and peacebuilding;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59f
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [Donor States] Advocate implementation of strategic donor leadership, recognizing the need to resolve displacement as an indispensable investment in development, resilience and peacebuilding. Cross-sectoral cooperation and planning should be encouraged through the provision of flexible, multi-year support for collaborative efforts in support of durable solutions;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59g
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [Donor States] Promote regional equity in access to development assistance to ensure that areas in which internally displaced persons seek a solution attract development support, thereby avoiding a gap when humanitarian assistance draws down;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59h
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Systematically integrate durable solutions into strategic plans and frameworks. The IASC Framework provides a widely recognized basis for strengthening cross-sectoral leadership on the resolution of internal displacement given that it deals with humanitarian, development, human rights and peacebuilding concerns;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59i
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Encourage and commend UNHCR and UNDP for their work in the implementation of the Secretary-General's Framework, encourage the continuation of such work and promote the application of the IASC Framework in the development of durable solutions strategies in that context. Where applicable, such strategies should be embedded in national internal displacement legislation or policies addressing the obligations of States, for example under the Protocol on the Protection of and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and the Kampala Convention;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59j
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Ensure systematic and early engagement of humanitarian and development actors, and all other relevant sectors, to develop solution strategies and identify mechanisms to promote an integrated approach to solutions from the early stages of displacement onwards;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59k
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Systematically integrate durable solutions into peacebuilding and stabilization processes. In situations where internal displacement is a feature of conflict, it is critical to systematically integrate durable solutions into technical assessments carried out by the Peacebuilding Support Office and in peacebuilding strategies of the Peacebuilding Commission;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59l
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Address context-specific barriers to durable solutions in national policies or legislation on internal displacement and durable solutions strategies and inform the application of such policies or legislation through the careful profiling of displacement situations. States and United Nations country teams are therefore encouraged to consider drawing on the services of specialized actors, such as the Joint IDP Profiling Service, to collect, update, analyse and disseminate quantitative and qualitative data on internal displacement and to develop tools to monitor and evaluate progress towards the achievement of durable solutions based on the IASC Framework;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59m
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Support national authorities to include displacement-specific aspects in their own planning, programming and activities that directly support durable solutions or the development of conditions conducive to solutions. In this context, national and international actors, including donor States, are urged to support such initiatives through capacity-building, technical support and, in particular, by programmatic support in implementing relevant national policies or legislation;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59n
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Ensure that the post-2015 development agenda benefits those people, including internally displaced persons, who live in fragile States, and serves as a foundation for increasing their resilience to crisis, including through the achievement of solutions to displacement that are based on a human rights approach;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 59o
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations to:] [International organizations, including humanitarian, development and peacebuilding actors, as relevant] Ensure that the implementation of the New Deal for Engagement in Fragile States supports the achievement of durable solutions for internally displaced persons, including by systematically analysing displacement and barriers to durable solutions in the context of country-led fragility assessments; appropriately integrating solutions for internal displacement as indicators for the achievement of the peacebuilding and state-building goals; and reviewing the extent to which the 2012-2015 piloting of the New Deal supports durable solutions and adjusting the process accordingly to maximize positive impacts on solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Legal status
- Non-negotiated soft law
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Year
- 2012
- Document code
- A/67/289
Document
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- In 2012, the mandate on the human rights of internally displaced persons, established pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1992/73, celebrates its twentieth anniversary. To mark this occasion, the present thematic section of the report provides an overview of the evolution of, and the achievements, challenges and trends relating to, internal displacement over the past two decades; a theme intended to provide an opportunity for reflection on key milestones, and for engaging in forward thinking as both new and long-standing displacement challenges continue to be addressed. Born from a recognized need to address the phenomenon of internal displacement, this mandate, the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which it developed, and the efforts to strengthen the humanitarian response system since the 1990s continue to be as relevant as ever.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 17
- Paragraph text
- According to recent estimates, at the end of 2011 the number of persons internally displaced owing to armed conflict, generalized violence or human rights violations stood at 26.4 million. This figure included new large-scale displacements in several regions, including in Africa and the Middle East. Protracted displacement, including long-standing situations in which one or more generations have grown up in displacement, were also a key feature of displacement trends in 2011, affecting an estimated 40 countries. The current figure of nearly 27 million internally displaced persons worldwide reflects a steady increase over the past 15 years due to new displacements but also to unresolved protracted displacement situations and ongoing internal conflicts. In the late 1990s this figure was less than 20 million.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 18
- Paragraph text
- As highlighted by the Special Rapporteur in his report to the General Assembly in 2011 (A/66/285), natural hazards, the majority of which are due to climate-related disasters, represent an increasingly important cause of internal displacement worldwide. In 2011, at least 61 countries were affected and a total of nearly 15 million persons were newly displaced owing to either a severe threat or the impact of disasters related to sudden onset natural hazards, the most severe effects of which were felt in Asia.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- The majority of such displacements over the past four years have been due to a small number of large and megadisasters. Although megadisasters are relatively rare they have a great impact on internal displacement figures. In terms of the number of internally displaced persons, in 2011 the top 10 disasters continued to be in Asia, including multiple events in China, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Japan. In contrast to the visibility of large and megadisasters, many smaller disasters go relatively underreported. Yet, their impact on low-income households and communities, especially if they are recurrent, has the effect of undermining resilience and aggravating vulnerabilities or creating new ones. As such, they are an issue deserving of further attention by humanitarian and development actors alike.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Although significant data and research exist with regard to displacement due to sudden onset hazards, slow onset natural hazards and disasters, for example drought and desertification, and their impact on internal displacement are a feature of climate change which is less understood and on which far fewer data are readily available. It is essential that work continue to be undertaken in this area in order to improve the monitoring of displacement patterns, the availability and quality of data collection, and appropriate prevention and response systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- The recognition of the need to address internal displacement and to develop international standards for internally displaced persons first came to the fore in the 1990s. While in 1982 only 1.2 million people were estimated forcibly displaced in 11 countries, by 1995 this figure had peaked to an estimated 20 million to 25 million in over 40 countries, largely owing to a proliferation of civil wars, ethnic strife and human rights abuses. Uprooted but remaining within the borders of their own countries, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees did not apply to them, and no international system existed to assist them or to guide States. The end of the Cold War was a further factor highlighting the situation of internally displaced persons. Cross-border movements became easier, existing notions of sovereignty were changing and the need to provide protection and assistance to internally displaced persons confined within the borders of their own countries was increasingly recognized. The lack of clear standards for the protection and assistance of internally displaced persons was a glaring problem, however, and it became evident that there was a need for normative guidance to define internally displaced persons and their specific rights, and for an institutional response to their needs that was timely, predictable and comprehensive.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In 1992, the United Nations Secretary-General noted that indeed there was no clear statement of the human rights of internally displaced persons and that international law in that regard consisted in a patchwork of customary and conventional standards (E/CN.4/1992/23, para. 103). He called for the elaboration of guidelines that would clarify the implications of existing human rights law for persons who were internally displaced, and fashion from existing standards one comprehensive, universally applicable body of principles which addressed the main needs and problems of such persons (ibid., para. 104).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 23
- Paragraph text
- This call was in large part due to the efforts of a group of non-governmental organizations, which in 1990 undertook a joint campaign to highlight the gaps in the international system with respect to internally displaced persons and to advocate for the development of relevant international standards and the appointment of a United Nations representative on internally displaced persons. In 1992, the then Commission on Human Rights adopted resolution 1992/73, in which it called upon the Secretary-General to appoint a representative on internally displaced persons, who was tasked as one of his first activities to examine the applicability of international human rights and humanitarian and refugee law to the protection of internally displaced persons. Francis Deng, a scholar and diplomat from the Sudan, was appointed Special Representative and, together with a team of international legal experts and institutions, set out to fulfil this mandate, including through extensive consultations over several years.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 24
- Paragraph text
- When seeking to identify specific rights for internally displaced persons, based on the particular needs of this category of persons, the Special Representative and the legal team found that some grey areas and gaps existed. They concluded that, while improving protection for internally displaced persons would indeed require a restatement of the law that rendered it more relevant to their specific needs and addressed the existing gaps, this could be achieved through a compilation and adaptation of existing international law to the needs of internally displaced persons, thus rendering it unnecessary to create new law. This manner of working within existing law that had already been agreed upon by States, and formulating guidance for its specific application to internally displaced persons, was an innovative and key feature of the Guiding Principles. The fact that they were based on and reflected existing international human rights and humanitarian law, and by analogy, international refugee law, strengthened their standing and acceptance by States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement were drafted and subject to a broad-based consultation process from 1996 to 1998, and finalized at a conference of 50 international experts in Vienna, hosted by the Government of Austria. In 1998, the Special Representative presented the outcome of this work to the Human Rights Commission, which unanimously adopted resolution 1998/50, in which it took note of the Guiding Principles and of the Special Representative's stated intention to use them in his ongoing dialogue with Governments and other relevant actors. An annotated version of the Guiding Principles published in 2000 further improved understanding of their legal foundations by detailing the provisions in hard law on which each of the Guiding Principles is based.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Faced with the dimensions of the issue of internally displaced persons and the lack of defined institutional or operational frameworks to address it, the international community called not only for the development of normative standards on internally displaced persons but also for a review of the capacity and coordination arrangements within the United Nations system for humanitarian assistance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In 1990, in its resolution 1990/78, the Economic and Social Council requested the Secretary-General to initiate a United Nations system-wide review to assess the experience and capacity of various organizations in the coordination of assistance to all refugees, displaced persons and returnees and to recommend ways of maximizing cooperation and coordination among the various organizations of the United Nations system in order to ensure an effective response to the problems of those populations. In its resolution 1991/25, the then Commission on Human Rights also specifically requested the Secretary-General to take into account the protection of the human rights of internally displaced persons in the system-wide review and submit to the Commission an analytical report on internally displaced persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 28
- Paragraph text
- Following the Secretary-General's report on the system-wide review (E/CN.4/1992/23), a number of significant measures were taken to strengthen the coordination of humanitarian emergency assistance of the United Nations, including the designation of an emergency relief coordinator and the establishment of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, to be chaired by the Emergency Relief Coordinator (see General Assembly resolution 46/182, annex, paras. 34 and 38). The Inter-Agency Standing Committee includes all United Nations operational agencies, this mandate, intergovernmental organizations, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and IOM, and non-governmental organizations, either by standing invitation or on an ad hoc basis. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee therefore became the primary mechanism for inter-agency coordination and the development of policy for ensuring a coherent and timely response to humanitarian emergencies (see General Assembly resolution 48/57, para. 6).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Subsequently, and as part of the United Nations reform of 1997, the General Assembly explicitly tasked the Emergency Relief Coordinator to take on a central role in the inter-agency coordination of protection and assistance to internally displaced persons (see A/51/950, para. 186). In December 1999, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee adopted the policy paper on the protection of internally displaced persons submitted to it by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, Francis Deng, thereby representing an acknowledgement by the heads of the various United Nations agencies that the protection of internally displaced persons was "of concern to all humanitarian/development agencies", and establishing the "collaborative approach" as the main vehicle for the inter-agency response to the needs of internally displaced persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- However, a study undertaken a few years later, in 2003, found that while considerable efforts had been made in a number of countries, the United Nations approach to protecting the rights of internally displaced persons continued to be largely ad hoc and suffered from insufficient political and financial support, which had undermined efforts in the field. The General Assembly reiterated the need to further strengthen inter-agency arrangements and the capacities of the United Nations and other relevant actors in order to meet the immense challenges of internal displacement and stressed the importance of an effective, accountable and predictable collaborative approach (resolution 58/177, para. 13). This led to the adoption by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee of a policy which sought to reinforce the collaborative response, but which was subsequently superseded in 2006 by the cluster approach, an arrangement aimed at creating more predictable and accountable leadership in nine sectors of humanitarian response.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- This humanitarian reform process, and the cluster system currently in place, seeks to render the humanitarian response (including in internal displacement situations) more predictable, through a system by which different organizations assume lead responsibility for specific sectors of the response. The system has introduced significant improvements with regard to predictability, clearer lines of responsibility and improved coordination. It has also raised a number of challenges, including the challenge of coordination between a large number of diverse actors with different organizational mandates, tools and approaches. The ongoing work being done to streamline some of those approaches and tools, to enhance coordination and information sharing systems, and to learn from the ongoing evaluation of the work of cluster teams in various parts of the world, and the wider efforts to strengthen humanitarian system structures (such as through the current "transformative agenda"), are essential to the evolution of a system challenged not only by its own structural complexities but also by complex and changing humanitarian environments and needs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Spurred in large part by the need to render the response to situations of internal displacement more consistent, systemic and predictable, the humanitarian reform agenda has had much wider implications and benefits for the humanitarian sector more generally. Even as the humanitarian system reform agenda has widened, it remains important that the specificities of situations of internal displacement and the rights of internally displaced persons not be lost, and that the Inter-Agency Standing Committee and the Emergency Relief Coordinator continue to seek positive advancements with regard to approaches, guidance and structures to respond to the particular needs of the internally displaced. Far from constituting a form of discrimination vis-à-vis other groups, addressing the particular needs and rights of internally displaced persons allows for the articulation of specific prevention and preparedness measures and the provision of tailored assistance, protection and durable solutions to displacement which support States and affected communities more effectively, thereby increasing compliance with international human rights norms and promoting inclusion, stability and security.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The development of the Guiding Principles was an essential first step in establishing a normative framework providing international minimum standards for the treatment of internally displaced persons. A second wave of normative and operational advances which would translate the Guiding Principles into concrete programmes and legal and policy frameworks on the ground would eventually become possible thanks to the broad-based acceptance and growing authority of the Guiding Principles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 34
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- At the global level, the Heads of State and Government assembled in New York for the 2005 World Summit unanimously recognized the Guiding Principles as an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons (General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 132), a recognition subsequently echoed by the Human Rights Council in its resolutions 6/32 and 20/9, and the General Assembly in resolution 66/125. The General Assembly further welcomed the fact that an increasing number of States, United Nations agencies and regional and non-governmental organizations were applying them as a standard, and encouraged all relevant actors to make use of the Guiding Principles when dealing with situations of internal displacement (resolution 62/152, para. 10). In addition, it has also recognized that the protection of internally displaced persons has been strengthened by identifying, reaffirming and consolidating specific standards for their protection, in particular through the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (resolution 66/165, tenth preambular paragraph).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 35
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- The 2005 ICRC study on customary international humanitarian law, conducted on the basis of a request by States and Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, recognized the role of the Guiding Principles as a source of customary law. Based on State practices, the study developed rules applicable to internally displaced persons. These rules make explicit reference to the Guiding Principles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 36
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- Over the course of the past 20 years, regional and subregional intergovernmental organizations have increasingly acknowledged, relied on or even adopted the Guiding Principles. They include the African Union, the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region, the Economic Community of West African States, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the Council of Europe.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 37
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- In 2006, however, the Guiding Principles would assume a new legal stature in the context of Africa, when member States of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region established a legal framework for the formal legal adoption and implementation of the Guiding Principles. As part of the Conference process, 11 States of the Great Lakes region of Africa adopted in 2006 a binding Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region, with 10 separate protocols, including two which recognize the importance of the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, namely the Protocol on the Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons and the Protocol on the Property Rights of Returning Persons. The Protocol on Internally Displaced Persons, which entered into force in June 2008, obliges member States of the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region to enact national legislation to domesticate the Guiding Principles fully and to provide a legal framework for their implementation within national legal systems (art. 6.3) and to ensure the effective participation of internally displaced persons in developing such legislation (art. 6.5).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 38
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- The Protocol on Internally Displaced Persons served as an impetus for the African Union to draft the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (the Kampala Convention). A watershed in international law for the protection of internally displaced persons, the Kampala Convention was adopted by the African Union at its first ever Special Summit on Refugees, Returnees and Internally Displaced Persons, held in Kampala in October 2009. Developed over a five-year period, a process to which this mandate contributed at the request of the African Union, the Kampala Convention incorporates the Guiding Principles and sets out obligations for States parties, the African Union and humanitarian agencies in relation to all phases of displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 39
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- The Kampala Convention represents a pioneering instrument in several respects. It recognizes a range of causes of internal displacement for which States parties are obliged to protect and assist internally displaced persons, including, most notably, climate change and development projects. It specifically requires national authorities to take a number of specific measures, such as developing appropriate institutional mechanisms, policies, strategies and legislation, and identifying funds for protection and assistance activities. In addition to stipulating the obligations of States parties, the Convention also outlines responsibilities of non-State actors and armed groups with regard to protection and assistance to internally displaced persons in areas under their control. The Special Rapporteur is pleased to note that, as of 19 July 2012, the Convention had been signed by 38 member States, and ratified by 14 member States, 13 of which had already deposited their ratifications. It is encouraging to see the member States of the African Union recognize their responsibilities to protect and assist those affected by developing the first legally binding instrument specific to internal displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 40
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- In other regions of the world, States have also committed themselves to adhering to the Guiding Principles and incorporating them in their domestic legal frameworks in non-binding regional instruments. For example, Organization of American States resolution 2667 of 2011 is notable in this respect, as is recommendation Rec (2006)6 of the Council of Europe.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 41
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- We have also seen the development of jurisprudence by regional courts, which has strengthened the normative authority of the Guiding Principles and State responsibilities vis-à-vis internally displaced persons. For example, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights has adopted landmark decisions regarding the rights and freedoms of internally displaced persons and related State responsibilities, such as in the Endorois case and the Malawi Association case. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights, in the "Mapiripan Massacre" v. Colombia case, upheld the legal responsibility of the State for displacement caused by paramilitary groups or armed groups, on the basis of their failure to act promptly to prevent the displacement in the first place and to create the conditions allowing internally displaced persons to return home in safety. The European Court of Human Rights has also addressed issues pertaining to the rights of internally displaced persons, including return, housing and property rights. In some of these instances, the Guiding Principles have been referred to or used by courts in their assessment. Those decisions demonstrate not only the engagement of human rights protection mechanisms in various regions of the world but also the variety of contexts in which the need for protection of internally displaced persons and State responsibilities arise.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 42
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- In recognition of the primary responsibility of the State for protection and assistance to internally displaced persons, the General Assembly, the Human Rights Council and its predecessor, the Commission on Human Rights, have over the years repeatedly encouraged Governments to develop domestic legal and policy frameworks based on the Guiding Principles. It is estimated that, at present, over 20 countries have adopted or issued policies, laws or decrees relating specifically to internal displacement. A number of other countries, including Afghanistan, the Central African Republic, Kenya, Nigeria and Yemen, are currently in the process of developing, or have already announced, draft national policies or legislation, a process which this mandate has routinely supported. Of note also is the adoption of the first state- or provincial-level law on internally displaced persons, in Mexico, where the State of Chiapas adopted a law on displacement in February 2012 which incorporates the Guiding Principles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 43
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- While those laws and policies mark positive developments, many domestic frameworks adopted to date vary in their scope, guarantees of protection and assistance to internally displaced persons, and coverage of relevant issues. Not all of the laws and policies include a definition of an internally displaced person or provide clear institutional responsibilities, and many address only a particular cause or stage of displacement, such as conflict or return, while others focus only on particular rights. Domestic courts have, in some cases, referred to the Guiding Principles to call on Governments to fulfil their responsibilities with regard to internally displaced persons. For example, the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that the Guiding Principles must be considered as parameters for the creation and interpretation of norms regulating internal displacement and the attention given by the State to the internally displaced.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 44
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- Other significant activities in support of the development of national internal displacement frameworks, to which this mandate has contributed, include a manual for law and policymakers, published in 2008, which provides guidance to national authorities seeking to develop domestic legislation and policies addressing internal displacement in their countries. An earlier and important publication, Addressing Internal Displacement: A Framework for National Responsibility, published in 2005, provides guidance to Governments in relation to their national responsibilities for internally displaced persons, in the form of 12 benchmarks which enable States to prevent, address and provide durable solutions to internal displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 45
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- More recently, a study published in 2011 used the Framework for National Responsibility as a basis to examine the manner and extent to which national authorities were addressing internal displacement in 15 of the 20 countries most affected by internal displacement due to conflict, generalized violence and human rights violations. One of the study's main findings was that national human rights institutions can play a pivotal role in improving national responses to internal displacement. In particular, they have played an important role in raising awareness of internal displacement, monitoring displacement situations and returns, investigating individual complaints, advocating for and advising Governments on the drafting of national policies to address internal displacement, and monitoring and reporting on the implementation of national policies and legislation. The Special Rapporteur is pleased that an increasing number of national human rights institutions are integrating internal displacement into their work, and will continue supporting them in this critical role.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 46
- Paragraph text
- A number of other advances and developments are also worthy of note. Among them is the development of standards, operational guidance and a variety of other tools intended to support relevant actors in addressing various aspects, stages or types of internal displacement. In the context of the cluster approach for example, the Global Protection Cluster Working Group, composed of United Nations agencies and non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations, initiated a process of consultations leading to the publication of The Handbook for the Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, which has proven an invaluable tool for humanitarian and protection actors involved in the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection in the field.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
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