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Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Climate change is arguably already acting as "an impact multiplier and accelerator". In addition to its negative impact on social and economic rights, which will itself provoke some displacement, climate change, interacting with other pressures or social and political factors, will exacerbate the risk of conflicts, which could then act as a driver of further displacement. Climate-related displacement is therefore likely to be characterized by multiple causalities, such as conflicts due to competition over resources or the loss of livelihoods. This was more recently highlighted during the Security Council debate of 20 July 2011 on the possible security implications of climate change, in which it was noted that climate change could aggravate or amplify existing security concerns and give rise to new ones, particularly in already fragile and vulnerable nations. It could also sharply intensify human displacement, bringing communities into increasing competition for finite natural resources with global repercussions for global economic stability.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32b
- Paragraph text
- Higher temperatures in water and air, and increasing acidity of seas;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The above changes in our environment and climate are predicted to increase displacement and to alter its patterns, as people move to locations, predominantly within their own countries, which offer them greater human security and livelihoods. In some instances, for example when planned relocation is unsuccessful or when the spontaneously displaced congregate in urban centres already under pressure, secondary displacements may ensue. Indeed, secondary or cyclical displacements may become a by-product of ineffective adaptation strategies to address original displacement situations, as well as a consequence of the failure to sufficiently plan ahead in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management - all of which may be put under additional pressure by the effects of climate change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders, on the relationship between climate change and human rights. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the effects of climate change for human rights, including its impact on specific rights, vulnerable groups of persons, forced displacement and conflict, and examines the human rights implications of response measures to climate change. Importantly, it outlines relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concludes that measures to address climate change should be informed and strengthened by international human rights standards and principles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Other actors have also enriched the discussion by focusing on specific rights or the impact of climate change on particular groups. In addition to posing a direct threat to the right to life, the effects of climate change are expected to have negative implications for basic rights relating to food (A/HRC/7/5), housing (A/64/255), water and health, and affect the overall right to an adequate standard of living (A/HRC/10/61, paras. 21-38). Some of these analyses have highlighted the link between the lack of access to these rights and displacement. In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also a growing category of persons considered to be especially at risk, given the adverse material, social and psychological consequences commonly associated with displacement. These risks are heightened by the fact that the most serious effects of climate change, including displacement, are predicted to disproportionately affect poor regions and countries and populations already in a vulnerable situation owing to poverty and other factors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- Guiding Principles 6(c) and 7(1)(3) provide for specific standards and criteria that must be met when displacement is envisaged in a non-emergency context, such as with regard to the mitigation measures mentioned above and large-scale development projects. In the context of mitigation measures to address climate change, it will be important to assess the potential displacement likely to result from such measures and to strengthen guidelines, applying the standards in the Guiding Principles and a human rights-based approach.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Looking forward: addressing new challenges and consolidating gains 2011, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- Although much attention has been devoted to the scientific evidence of climate change and the preventive and mitigation measures necessary to stop or manage this phenomena, relatively little attention has been paid to date on the human rights implications of climate change and even less to finding durable solutions to climate-induced forced displacement. Yet, as pointed out by an OHCHR report in 2009, very tangible rights are potentially impacted by climate change including, inter alia, the right to life, water, food, health, and housing. In this context, internally displaced persons remain entitled to the range of human rights, including protection from arbitrary displacement, and to rights related to housing and property restitution which are so vital to durable solutions. It is estimated that many millions of people may be forcibly displaced due to climate change in the coming decades.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 76
- Paragraph text
- In order to be successful, adaptation measures addressing internal displacement must provide durable solutions strategies in the form of return, local integration or resettlement in another part of the country. However, in the context of climate change, durable solutions are likely to be more complex and less static or one-dimensional. They may combine a number of solutions, including movements which are seasonal or temporary, or solutions which include continuity with the place of origin as well as integration in a different part of the country (for example, part of the family returns to the place of origin permanently or on a seasonal basis, while the breadwinner works in another location). Strategies addressing internal displacement should therefore be sufficiently flexible to include and support various scenarios of human adaptation, and ensure that durable solutions are based on free and informed consent.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to support adaptation measures which are "country driven, gender sensitive, participatory and fully transparent […] taking into consideration vulnerable groups [and] communities" (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 12). It further recognizes the need for measures to enhance understanding and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement and planned relocation and the need to undertake impact vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including on the social and economic consequences of climate change adaptation options and response measures (paras. 14 (b) and (f) and preamble to section III.E). While complementary, the Guiding Principles and the Framework for Durable Solutions provide more specific and detailed guidance on standards related to participatory and procedural rights of internally displaced persons.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- The State has the primary responsibility to protect and assist persons displaced within its borders. At the same time, in the context of climate change-induced displacement and the disproportionate burden imposed on poor regions and countries, shared international responsibility has also been acknowledged. Where State capacities and resources are insufficient, international cooperation and partnerships should help support the cost of adaptation measures. This is consistent with human rights standards and principles (A/HRC/10/61, para. 87) and recognized in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, which invites Parties to enhance action on adaptation, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities as well as their priorities and circumstances (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 14).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- Climate change has served to crystallize the impact of actions by individual States which go beyond the State to affect the rights of people and communities around the globe. Climate change knows no State or generational boundaries. Effective systems of international cooperation and responsible domestic governance are thus required to address it in line with human rights obligations and to support adaptation strategies to deal with the various human rights challenges, such as displacement, that it presents to the international community as a whole.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Many elements of this complex issue cannot be tackled herein. In particular, while the Special Rapporteur focuses on development actors and durable solutions in the context of peacebuilding, he also acknowledges the need to actively support durable solutions for internally displaced persons uprooted by natural disasters (see A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the need to focus future work on the role of donor and recipient States in tackling internal displacement through development and to strengthen the capacity of States to support durable solutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
The Kampala Convention: a road map for action 2014, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- During the organization phase, a government body should be designated to lead the process. Experience shows that it is important that the Government lead have political clout, financial and human resources and knowledge of internal displacement issues. The Special Rapporteur reiterates the need to consult a wide range of national actors, including internally displaced persons and displacement-affected communities themselves. All the relevant tools for the development and drafting of the instrument should be identified - such as the above-mentioned manuals, the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons and the Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters so that the lead Government entity can then organize the drafting and consultation process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Internally displaced women: progress, challenges and the way ahead 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- In recent years, increased attention has been devoted to rising rates of displacement linked to the effects of climate change and the particularly adverse effects of climate change on potentially vulnerable groups, including women. It is now widely acknowledged that climate change impacts on men and women differently at all stages from preparedness to reconstruction. As recognized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), inequitable gender roles may exacerbate women's exposure to harm, while at the same time women may make "very significant, active contributions … [to] coping with and adapting to extremes". Women often experience higher rates of mortality than men in natural disasters and may experience particularly deleterious effects on health, exacerbated gender inequality and reduced access to education and livelihood opportunities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- Population displacements are likely to result from or be exacerbated by a number of different changes in our physical climate and environment, including:
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Roadmap for the next three years: thematic priorities of the new mandate-holder 2017, para. 72
- Paragraph text
- Indeed, the numbers of internally displaced persons globally are in fact likely to be significantly higher than those publicly stated by the United Nations and other international organizations, which only take into account the available data on conflict-induced and disaster-induced displacement. It is estimated that millions more are displaced annually by other causes and drivers of displacement, including development projects and generalized violence. It must also be recognized that there is a need for greater research and more data on internal displacement as a result of slow-onset disasters and climate change, in order to reveal the current and future internal displacement trends and to better meet these challenges. The Special Rapporteur will continue to raise awareness of these neglected areas of internal displacement concern, as well as to advocate for national and international action to protect the human rights of persons who have been internally displaced as a result of all causes of displacement.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Internal displacement in 2010: What are the major challenges? 2010, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Although the 1998 Guiding Principles already identify natural disasters as one of the causes of internal displacement, natural disasters and their human consequences were for a long time not considered through the lens of internal displacement. This changed in the wake of large-scale disasters such as the tsunami of 2004 and Hurricane Katrina in 2005, with the Representative emphasizing the relevance of the Guiding Principles to such situations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Durable solutions for internally displaced persons: advancing the agenda: addressing the role of humanitarian and development actors in achieving durable solutions for internally displaced persons through peacebuilding in the aftermath of conflict 2013, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- Achieving durable solutions depends to varying degrees on progress in responding to structural challenges. This includes ensuring that urban planning, environmental protection, security sector reform, natural resource management and tenure reform efforts are effective and consider the particular concerns facing internally displaced persons. Governments and other actors are sometimes eager to promote return as the preferred solution. Durable solutions strategies must, however, be cognizant of the ways in which structural challenges may affect the decisions of internally displaced persons. For example, urbanization of internally displaced persons during the displacement phase may render rural returns less viable. Durable solutions strategies must respect the rights to freedom of movement and residency of internally displaced persons and should take into account considerations such as political and geographical divides (including tensions between central and periphery regions) and environmental sustainability. Owing to the vulnerability that internally displaced persons often face (e.g. discrimination, impoverishment and marginalization in decision-making), they may be excluded from or negatively affected by development activities in regions emerging from conflict. For example, internally displaced persons may be forced out of informal urban settlements or peripheral areas to make way for the construction of schools and business ventures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 101
- Paragraph text
- In order to achieve concrete results and establish stronger operational and accountability structures, greater focus must now be placed on policy and programme implementation at the regional, national and subnational levels. This requires enhancing actions and advocacy in regional and national level forums on specific adaptations measures to address climate change-related displacement, both internal and regional.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Roadmap for the next three years: thematic priorities of the new mandate-holder 2017, para. 35
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur will continue to engage in global and regional initiatives and processes to identify, raise awareness of and concretely address the impact of slow-onset disasters and climate change and its implications on internal displacement. The Special Rapporteur considers that more attention needs to be given to this evolving issue, particularly to the links between climate change and internal displacement, and their implications in relation to human security and conflict.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Internal displacement in 2010: What are the major challenges? 2010, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- The nature of the mandate - situated at the heart of the United Nations system - and its access to many different agencies and offices, in particular all levels of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, have been key features that have contributed to its effectiveness. It has also proven to be important that the Human Rights Council designated the Representative to mainstream the human rights of internally displaced persons and flagged thematic priorities for him to consider, such as the protection of the displaced in situations of natural disaster or their involvement in peace processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur on the right to food for example, has analysed the adverse impact of extreme climate changes on livelihoods and food security. The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries in particular, which has been well documented, will result in volatile markets and threaten the right to food for millions of people. It may be necessary to address and re-evaluate methods of agricultural production, in addition to addressing humanitarian assistance needs. Research and decisions made with regard to agricultural approaches and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will profoundly affect displacement patterns.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Food & Nutrition
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Measures to address these vulnerabilities and meet the challenges related to climate change-induced displacement should be informed and supported by a human rights-based approach which is applied at all phases of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen principles, developed at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above), underscored the need for such an approach. Principle I states that "responses to climate and environmentally-related displacement need to be informed by adequate knowledge and guided by the fundamental principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 100
- Paragraph text
- Increased international support is needed to strengthen local and national capacities and legal frameworks and policies to address displacement resulting from the effects of climate change. This cooperation and assistance, and the full implementation of paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework, will be essential to support States in taking all necessary steps to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of affected persons in accordance with their international human rights obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- Adaptation measures to address climate change-induced displacement should be comprehensive in nature, so as to encompass disaster risk reduction and management; proactive strategies to prevent or minimize displacement; planned relocations, when appropriate; pre-emptive internal migration when this is based on sound national policies and used as a coping mechanism in the case of slow-onset disasters; and durable solutions. Such measures must be in line with international human rights obligations, and include the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection to affected persons during the displacement phase.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- The various climate change adaptation funds should incorporate support for adaptation measures related to climate change-induced internal displacement. They should support the efforts of national Governments in this regard as well as community engagement. Financing mechanisms should adopt a comprehensive approach to displacement-related adaptation measures, running the gamut from prevention to durable solutions as detailed above, and uphold safeguards with regard to forced displacements and planned relocations. Such mechanisms should keep abreast of relevant research and be consistent with normative developments in this field.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have significant consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and for human security (A/HRC/10/61) In this context, internal displacement represents a further challenge of adaptation to the effects of climate change. In its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, the General Assembly recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and voiced concern about factors, such as climate change, that were expected to exacerbate the impact of natural hazards, and climate-related slow-onset events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Climate change and internal displacement 2011, para. 69
- Paragraph text
- According to experts, the very "concentration of resources, assets and services in cities can lead to more debilitating impacts of disasters, conflict and violence". This has drawn the attention of the humanitarian community and urban specialists to the particular impact on urban settings of climate change, with a focus on the increasing urban vulnerability gap, housing challenges and the need to move away from only focusing on humanitarian response and develop disaster prevention strategies specific to urban settings.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Evolution, challenges and trends in internal displacement 2012, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Although significant data and research exist with regard to displacement due to sudden onset hazards, slow onset natural hazards and disasters, for example drought and desertification, and their impact on internal displacement are a feature of climate change which is less understood and on which far fewer data are readily available. It is essential that work continue to be undertaken in this area in order to improve the monitoring of displacement patterns, the availability and quality of data collection, and appropriate prevention and response systems.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
The Kampala Convention: a road map for action 2014, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- In 2012 alone, an estimated 7.7 million people were displaced in the wake of natural disasters in countries that have signed or ratified the Kampala Convention, which explains the special attention drawn to natural and man-made disasters in it. The Convention requires States parties to take measures specifically to prevent and mitigate the effects of disasters, including by establishing early warning systems and implementing disaster risk reduction strategies, emergency and disaster preparedness and management measures in areas at risk.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Humanitarian
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph