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Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- For water, costs range from construction, operation and maintenance, in the case of networked provision, to costs of construction and maintenance of on-site solutions such as wells or boreholes. Connection charges are often a significant barrier for those living in extreme poverty. Household contributions for water services in rural areas and in informal settlements can differ quite substantially from household contributions for piped water provision. Beyond the option of buying water from public or private suppliers, individuals may need to cover the costs of the construction, operation and maintenance of communal or individual household provision (such as a rainwater cistern), the cost of purchasing containers to store water, and the treatment of water. Even where water is safe at the source, by the time it has been transported and stored for future use, there is a high risk that it will become contaminated, which leads to extra costs for household water treatment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 54i
- Paragraph text
- [Where States adopt targeted measures, this also poses challenges. In practice, unfortunately, such measures often fail to reach the target population for a variety of reasons, including:] In many instances, subsidies for water are targeted towards commercial or industrial users. Where such subsidies benefit users that do not actually rely on them for their livelihoods, they should be eliminated or reduced to free up resources for the benefit of the population in need.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Affordability of water and sanitation services 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Differential pricing can also be used for different sectors, for instance using higher tariffs for industrial, commercial and public users to cross-subsidize residential users. In practice, however, such cross-subsidization is often discouraged and agricultural and industrial water use may be highly subsidized. Where such public financing is not necessary to secure livelihoods and is not directly related to the realization of human rights, existing pricing and subsidy policies should be revised to use the maximum amount of available resources for the realization of human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 17b
- Paragraph text
- [The obligation to respect the rights to water and sanitation requires States to refrain from action that will unjustifiably interfere with their enjoyment. This obligation is of immediate effect. Common violations of the obligation to respect can be placed within the following categories:] Pollution, diversion or depletion of water resources;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- Pollution and over-abstraction of water resources through industrial activities or dumping are among the most commonly identified threats to the realization of the human rights to water and sanitation. Where such pollution or over-abstraction results from State action, such as (a) dumping of waste and sewage, (b) the activities of State-controlled extractive industries, or (c) licensing of projects predicted to result in human rights violations, States may be in violation of their obligation to respect the rights to water and sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 26b
- Paragraph text
- [Violations of the obligation to protect can be grouped under several categories:] Failure to protect necessary resources or infrastructure from pollution or interference;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- While there is a growing body of cases addressing the obligation to protect the rights to water and sanitation, far too many violations continue. Many violations of the rights to water and sanitation stemming from large-scale development projects - frequently supported by international financial institutions - have been brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur. The Special Rapporteur on toxic waste also examined the detrimental impact of extractive industries and disposal of toxic wastes on water. Such violations can be prevented by effective regulation. Where violations take place, access to justice for those affected must be guaranteed. Courts and human rights bodies should play a more active role in requiring governments to enact protective measures.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Violations of extraterritorial obligations are a growing concern in relation to the rights to water and sanitation, for instance in the context of transboundary water resources, the activities of transnational corporations, or donor activities. The Maastricht Principles on Extraterritorial Obligations, adopted by 40 experts to clarify the extraterritorial obligations of States on the basis of existing international law, affirm that the obligations to respect, protect and fulfil extend extraterritorially and that States must ensure the right to a remedy. Human rights obligations also apply to actions of States as members of international organizations. The International Law Commission stated that a State member of an international organization would be breaking international law if it caused that organization to commit an act that would be illegal under international law for a State to carry out itself.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Common violations of the human rights to water and sanitation 2014, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Extraterritorial violations may occur, for example, when (a) States fail to regulate activities of companies under their jurisdiction that cause violations abroad; (b) States contribute to human rights violations in the context of development cooperation activities, including by imposing conditions that undermine rights; (c) States adopt sanctions that negatively affect the realization of human rights in other countries; (d) States fail to respect human rights or restrict the ability of others to comply with their human rights obligations in the process of elaborating, applying and interpreting international trade and investment agreements; (e) States fail to prevent harm resulting from greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to climate change that have negative impacts on the realization of human rights; and (f) water contamination or use causes human rights violations in a neighbouring country.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 29
- Paragraph text
- Another overarching policy for development cooperation is established in the Japan International Cooperation Agency guidelines for environmental and social considerations. The guidelines specify that the principles of local stakeholder participation, accountability, transparency and access to information are indispensable for decision-making processes, in addition to respect for human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- The European Union has in place a regulation establishing a financing instrument for democracy and human rights worldwide. The most recent specific policy document on the water and sanitation sector was endorsed in 2002 by the Council of the European Union. It emphasizes the importance of relevant principles and standards related to participation, gender equality, transparency and access to information, financial and environmental sustainability in service provision, affordability, and improving service levels for the poorest populations and rural, urban and peri-urban areas.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 34
- Paragraph text
- Since 2002, the European Union’s agenda for water and sanitation in development cooperation has been subsumed into broader strategies. In 2017, the Council of the European Union adopted the New European Consensus on Development, a policy addressing all of its development activities. That policy commits the European Union and its member States to a rights-based approach in development cooperation “encompassing all human rights”, and further envisages integrating the principles of inclusion and participation, non-discrimination, equality and equity, transparency and accountability. “Universal access to safe drinking water, sanitation and hygiene” is recognized in paragraph 26 of the policy as “a prerequisite for health and well-being, growth and productivity”. However, the policy reveals that the European Union treats this sector of services not with a stand-alone approach, but rather in association with other priority areas, such as climate change and nutrition.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (2016), complemented by 11 key operational policies and associated safeguard procedures, is the most relevant executive policy umbrella for the Bank’s development cooperation activities in the water and sanitation sector. The Framework’s vision statement alludes to the Bank’s intention to help member States progressively realize their human rights commitments. Yet it maintains the Bank’s long-standing tradition of excluding any explicit commitment to comply with the human rights framework from its policy framework.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- The way projects are implemented may also have an impact on human rights, depending on, inter alia, how beneficiaries are involved, the role of people in vulnerable situations and sustainability considerations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Furthermore, often forgotten in development projects are the safe management of on-site sanitation and faecal sludge, hygiene promotion and menstrual hygiene management. In the projects assessed, it was observed that hygiene management is often absent, particularly menstrual hygiene management, under the pretext that it is “culturally” difficult to address.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- Subsequent to a project’s completion, it is essential to systematically produce ex post human rights assessments of projects. Such assessments are critical to identifying the sustainability of services and understanding a project’s medium- and long-term impacts on human rights and the causes of those impacts. Critically, assessments should be made available to the public in order for the relevant authorities to be held accountable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation and the human rights to water and sanitation 2017, para. 86
- Paragraph text
- While most funders’ project assessments are mostly focused on attainment of project objectives and sustainability of services, a specific human rights-based assessment during and upon completion of projects was not observed. Carrying out monitoring with a human rights perspective on a long-term basis would improve funders’ ability to assess the elements of sustainability in their projects and to protect, respect and fulfil human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- More specifically with respect to the human right to water, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights explained that States parties are obligated to respect the enjoyment of that right in other countries, to refrain from actions that interfere with the enjoyment of the right to water in other countries and to prevent their own citizens and companies from violating the right to water of individuals and communities in other countries. In addition, the Committee indicated that States should facilitate realization of the right to water in other countries, for example through provision of water resources, financial and technical assistance and necessary aid when required, in a manner that is consistent with the Covenant and other human rights standards and that is sustainable and culturally appropriate. The economically developed States have a special responsibility and interest to assist the poorer developing States in that regard. The Committee also elaborated on the responsibility of States through multilateral organizations, indicating that State parties that are members of international financial institutions, notably the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks, should take steps to ensure that the right to water is taken into account in their lending policies, credit agreements and other international measures (see E/C.12/2002/11, paras. 33, 34 and 36).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- In that respect, the recently issued OECD Principles on Water Governance represent a relevant example of a broad political commitment on the part of developed countries. The 12 principles clearly encompass some human rights principles, such as transparency and participation (referred to as "stakeholder engagement" therein), as well as other good practices, such as promoting policy coherence across sectors. However, important normative content, such as affordability, appears as more of an aspiration than an obligation under human rights law. A 2007 policy paper of the OECD Development Assistance Committee on human rights and development clearly indicated the need to integrate human rights into decision-making, establish safeguards and promote the observation of human rights principles such as non-discrimination.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- The main frameworks for development cooperation in water and sanitation have been set by various meetings and policy documents, including the report of the International Conference on Water and the Environment, held in Dublin in January 1992, and the Agenda 21 of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- The process of incorporating the human rights to water and sanitation in development cooperation has not been a straightforward, consensual or expeditious process. International events have provided opportunities for governmental bodies to make various human rights-related commitments. One clear example of this is the Accra Agenda for Action of 2008, agreed to by developed and developing countries, in which it was indicated that developing countries and donors would ensure that their respective development policies and programmes were designed and implemented in ways consistent with their agreed international commitments on gender equality, human rights, disability and environmental sustainability. More recently, the Ministerial Declaration of the Sixth World Water Forum (2012), adopted by representatives of 145 countries, demonstrated a true international consensus on the right to water and sanitation and the commitment by Governments to accelerating access to safe and clean drinking water and sanitation in line with United Nations resolutions. In the Ministerial Declaration of the Seventh World Water Forum (2015), signatories indicated their engagement to translate commitments into national policies, plans and actions and to intensify joint efforts to advance water-related cooperation on a global scale, as well as their commitments to the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation and to ensuring progressive access to water and sanitation for all.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 56
- Paragraph text
- A joint initiative of the Secretary-General and the World Bank Group created the High-level Panel on Water to provide support in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda. The 10-member panel is comprised of Heads of State or Government; the Panel has two special advisers. The declared aim of the Panel is the mobilization of action to accelerate the implementation of Goal 6 and its related targets.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- In order to effectively incorporate the human rights to water and sanitation in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, particularly with respect to development cooperation, an adequate architecture must be established to assist in the formulation, guidance, management and support of the development agenda. That architecture should ideally place the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation at the centre of the specific processes related to Goal 6 overall and targets 6.1 and 6.2 specifically. The Panel should be acutely aware of the need to base its recommendations in human rights principles and the normative content of the human rights to water and sanitation, as outlined in the present report. In so doing, the Panel should be able to duly address concerns raised by civil society organizations regarding the possible propensity to predominantly favour a business-oriented approach to the sector. The establishment of an entity with greater openness and a wider plurality of stakeholders and viewpoints is essential to successfully introducing the human rights to water and sanitation into development cooperation and to achieving the water and sanitation-related goals of the 2030 Agenda.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Establishing a human rights-based approach in the initial stages of a given project is essential to ensuring that the human rights framework will be embedded in the project from its conception and throughout its implementation. The specific measures to effectively implement that approach depend on the nature of the project. It may include a human rights impact assessment or other due diligence measures that enable funders to identify and mitigate the negative impact of their activities on human rights, to provide positive support, advice and assistance to States in relation to human rights (see A/70/274, para. 84) and to refrain from supporting projects and programmes that would contravene the international human rights obligations of funders and partner States. In that context, it is noteworthy that several stakeholders, including 28 special procedures mandate holders of the Human Rights Council, have exhorted the World Bank to include human rights assessments in the environmental and social policies of their revised safeguards.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Development cooperation in the water and sanitation sector 2016, para. 75b
- Paragraph text
- [Regarding the High-level Panel on Water, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] Participatory mechanisms be implemented that fully include relevant stakeholders in the decision-making process under the Panel's mandate.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Moreover, a flush toilet with a sewered connection requires considerably more water than other forms of sanitation, which can raise environmental and affordability concerns. Piped sewerage has also faced criticism from an ecological perspective, questioning whether it is the soundest solution to flush away excreta with large amounts of freshwater that become contaminated in the process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- Further challenges arise when wastewater management and treatment are neglected. In such instances, the users of toilets linked to networked sewerage systems obtain individual health benefits, but they may inflict negative impacts on others by contaminating the environment in which they live. From a health perspective, one community's sewage is more dangerous to external communities, as it potentially transmits different pathogens. This will infringe people's human rights to water, health and a healthy environment and will also reinforce inequalities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 58
- Paragraph text
- In some countries, individual solutions are regulated by a State institution. For example, such regulatory bodies may define the necessary dimensions of a septic tank, the requirements for the construction of a pit or the minimum distance of a latrine from a water source or a water table to avoid contamination.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- As long as on-site sanitation facilities are constructed, maintained and managed according to human rights standards and principles, there is no dichotomy between human rights and self-supply. However, some of these solutions may be inadequate, especially in terms of cleaning, maintenance and sludge management, which can have strong negative impacts on human health and the environment. In some countries, the State may not recognize its obligation to ensure that self-supply solutions comply with human rights obligations and are appropriate and affordable. States need to put appropriate systems in place, including regulation and financial support for those who need it.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Different levels and types of services and the human rights to water and sanitation 2015, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- Rainwater harvesting is also a common household (or shared) solution. Again there can be issues with household water treatment and storage, and continuity of supply in areas with variable rain. Rainwater harvesting can be particularly useful as an additional source of water to complement other forms of supply. Other types of self-supply, such as the collection of surface water, seldom meet the standards and principles of the human rights to water and sanitation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights to safe drinking water and sanitation
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph