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Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 26
- Paragraph text
- Thus, a brief analysis of some of the root causes of trafficking shows that there is a wide range of intertwined factors at play. One single factor such as poverty, gender discrimination or lack of employment opportunities per se does not necessarily lead to trafficking; rather, it is the combination of multiple factors that may place certain individuals at a higher risk of being trafficked. Thus, measures aimed at addressing the root causes of trafficking should be based on the recognition that trafficking is caused by a lack of comprehensive protection of such human rights, as freedom from discrimination, the right to work, the right to an adequate standard of living and freedom of movement. As an example, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) advocates for a comprehensive child protection system rather than measures that focus narrowly on trafficking. In its "system-building" approach, UNICEF promotes shifts towards building and strengthening social welfare, changing social behaviour and improving the legal and justice system for child protection in a holistic manner, based on the principles enshrined in the Convention on the Rights of the Child. This approach can be offered to other groups at high risk of being trafficked, such as women or ethnic minorities, so that prevention measures are designed to protect the human rights of potential victims of trafficking in a comprehensive manner rather than focusing on alleviating one factor. Consistent with this approach, the Special Rapporteur welcomes the recent adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Global Plan of Action against Trafficking in Persons (resolution 64/293) in which Member States affirmed their commitment to adopt and implement comprehensive policies and programmes at the national level to prevent trafficking in persons in line with relevant policies and programmes on migration, education, employment, gender equality, empowerment of women and crime prevention.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Ethnic minorities
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- One of the core values of human rights-based programming is the participation of rights holders in developing policies and programmes that affect their interests. The importance of the participation of rights holders is recognized in a number of international instruments, including the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Convention on the Rights of the Child. In line with the Declaration on the Right to Development (resolution 41/128, annex), the participation of rights holders should be active, free and meaningful, so that it goes beyond mere consultation and empowers rights holders to reflect their views and expectations in the relevant policies and programmes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Prevention of trafficking in persons 2010, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Women are recognized as the group particularly affected by such failure. In this regard, it is timely and important to recall the States' commitments towards the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, particularly goal 1 (eradicate extreme poverty and hunger), goal 2 (achieve universal primary education), and goal 3 (promote gender equality and empower women). While the overall poverty rate has been reduced somewhat, some regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, Western Asia and parts of Eastern Europe and Central Asia, still need to make progress to meet the 2015 targets on poverty eradication. Sex discrimination still persists, and poverty puts girls at a distinct disadvantage in terms of education. Furthermore, women are still largely relegated to temporary or informal employment with little or no social security or benefits. This failure to provide equal and just opportunities for women to education and work encourages the feminization of poverty. This, in turn, compels women to leave their homes in search of better opportunities, resulting in the feminization of migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 39
- Paragraph text
- In the light of the limitations associated with legal proceedings, it is noteworthy that a number of cases in which trafficked persons have successfully obtained compensation resulted from out-of-court settlements negotiated by various governmental and non-governmental bodies. In some States, trade unions have played a crucial role in settling claims for unpaid or underpaid wages, or work-related injuries following negotiations with employers. These non-judicial methods may play an instrumental role in seeking compensation particularly for certain groups of trafficked persons, such as trafficked women and girls, who may face a variety of procedural challenges in judicial proceedings, such as psychological harms, stigma and fears of reprisals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 69c
- Paragraph text
- All States, particularly those hosting potential victims of trafficking among persons fleeing conflict, should:Ensure free-of-charge birth and marriage registration of nationals and non-nationals fleeing conflict, including in internally displaced person and refugee camps, in cooperation with United Nations agencies and programmes and international organizations, in order to prevent or address potential trafficking in children for sexual and other forms of exploitation and the exploitation of the labour of individuals, particularly underage children and women;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 19
- Paragraph text
- On a number of occasions over the past decade, concern has been voiced that large-scale sporting events create a demand for the services of people who are trafficked and therefore require preventive action specifically to discourage demand. This concern led various agencies to inform the media before sporting events that large numbers of women or children were about to be trafficked. Some recent campaigns to discourage demand associated with sporting events have taken a wider perspective, pointing out that the organizers of sporting events have a responsibility to prevent not only people being trafficked to provide sexual services to fans, but also trafficking in the context of construction and the production of merchandise for sale at the events.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Agenda setting of the work of the Special Rapporteur 2015, para. 83
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur looks forward to fulfilling the requirements of her mandate, as outlined in Human Rights Council resolution 26/8, and to constructive and fruitful cooperation with diverse stakeholders in all regions of the world. She particularly emphasizes her desire for constructive engagement with United Nations Member States and encourages them to respond positively to her requests for information or for country visits, while emphasizing that the mandate remains available to provide assistance to States and to respond to their requests to the fullest extent possible. The Special Rapporteur reiterates the importance that she places on the role and views of non-governmental organizations, including in providing information to her and engaging with and assisting her fully as she conducts her work on combating trafficking in persons, especially women and children.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Individuals and communities caught up in conflict are vulnerable to a range of human rights violations. Pre-existing conditions and vulnerabilities, such as structural gender-based and other forms of discrimination affecting women, children and non-citizens, are exacerbated during conflict as opportunities for exploitation increase and protections break down. Factors such as the sponsorship system (kafala), which is intended to regulate the employer and employee relations in some countries, give employers excessive power and control over migrant workers, increasing their risk of being trafficked. For instance the rescue of trafficked Kenyan female domestic workers in Libya during the conflict in that country posed challenges because their employers, who were responsible for authorizing the workers' exit permits, had fled the country with the their travel documents. Similarly, during the armed conflict in Lebanon in 2006, some of the 300,000 domestic workers from Sri Lanka, Ethiopia and the Philippines who were left behind when their employers were evacuated became vulnerable to traffickers who offered alternative options to livelihood and resident status.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- Measures to address the root causes of trafficking, such as gender discrimination and inequality, also play a crucial role in ensuring effective restitution of trafficked women and girls. Where trafficked women and girls have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, they may face discrimination, social stigma, communal and family ostracism upon return to their families and communities, thereby resulting in their re-victimization. In these cases, "restitution of identity, family life and citizenship for them may require measures that target their wider communities - including attempts to subvert cultural understandings around the value of women's purity and sexuality".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Regional and subregional cooperation in promoting a human rights-based approach to combatting trafficking in persons 2010, para. 98
- Paragraph text
- In addition to addressing the particular risks faced by women and children, a gender-based approach also requires all stakeholders to consider the specific situation of men. Gender misconceptions often lead authorities not to consider men as possible victims of trafficking. As a consequence, men as victims of trafficking tend to be discriminated against in access to protection and assistance. This is reflected in the fact that a number of regional cooperation initiatives only cover trafficking in women and children, while trafficking in men and boys is not addressed.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Children
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Due diligence requires respect for the principle of non-punishment of victims as well as the removal of barriers in access to justice, including any limitations regarding residence or other personal status. This includes the adoption of gender-specific measures that take into account the different assistance and protection needs of women and men, girls, and boys and overcome discriminatory barriers to accessing remedies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 74
- Paragraph text
- The assurance programme must not only be based on third-party audit mechanisms but also use monitoring schemes that include workers and trade unions as an alternative source of information to allow an ongoing assessment of compliance with the labour-related standards. If necessary, multi-stakeholder initiatives should develop specific guidance to ensure that potentially vulnerable workers, such as migrants, young people and women, are not excluded from monitoring mechanisms.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Youth
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
A human rights-based approach to the administration of criminal justice in cases of trafficking in persons 2012, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur is concerned, however, by practices where victims of trafficking are mandatorily detained in shelters. Although the Special Rapporteur recognizes that the motivation for this may be to protect victims, she notes that the routine detention of victims of trafficking violates, in some circumstances, the right to freedom of movement and, in most, if not all, circumstances, the prohibitions on unlawful deprivation of liberty and arbitrary detention. International law absolutely prohibits any discriminatory detention of victims, including detention that is linked to the sex of the victim. The routine detention of women and of children in shelter facilities, for example, is clearly discriminatory and therefore unlawful.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Due diligence and trafficking in persons 2015, para. 33
- Paragraph text
- Human rights due diligence also requires that investigations and prosecution adopt gender-specific measures that take into account the different assistance and protection needs of women and men, girls and boys and overcome discriminatory barriers to accessing remedies, such as by preventing the introduction of discriminatory evidence in proceedings to determine the victim's right to redress and ensuring that complaint mechanisms and investigations into trafficking in persons incorporate specific positive measures that enable victims to come forward to seek and obtain redress. States should also address other barriers that victims of trafficking in persons often face, including diplomatic immunity when domestic workers are in diplomatic households. Some countries, such as Switzerland and Belgium, have established a specific mediation mechanism to resolve labour conflicts arising between domestic workers and persons enjoying diplomatic privileges and immunities. Trafficked persons, as well as their families and relevant witnesses, should be protected against unlawful interference with their privacy and safety before, during and after relevant proceedings.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Girls
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Trafficking in persons in conflict and post-conflict situations 2016, para. 25
- Paragraph text
- Individuals and communities caught up in conflict are vulnerable to a range of human rights violations. Pre-existing conditions and vulnerabilities, such as structural gender-based and other forms of discrimination affecting women, children and non-citizens, are exacerbated during conflict as opportunities for exploitation increase and protections break down. Conflicts are prolonged by actors who take advantage of situations of lawlessness to reap personal gain through lucrative activities such as trafficking. In this section the Special Rapporteur will look into trafficking into military service and sexual and labour exploitation during conflict involving all persons, including boys, girls and migrants.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Humanitarian
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Strengthening voluntary standards for businesses on preventing and combating trafficking in persons and labour exploitation, especially in supply chains 2017, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The consultations also fostered robust dialogue on strategies and engagement aimed at promoting workers’ voices and empowerment within sustainability initiatives, especially within compliance monitoring schemes, including complaints hotlines, the use of worker surveys, good practices in engaging workers during audits, training and capacity-building for workers on their rights and responsibilities in the workplace, and training on worker-management dialogue in the workplace. However, ensuring that potentially vulnerable workers, such as migrants, young people and women, were not inadvertently excluded from these new strategies was identified as a challenge.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Youth
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 42
- Paragraph text
- Educational measures involve providing information to students in schools or higher education, about trafficking in persons and about equality between women and men. States have also supported awareness-raising initiatives to inform the general public or particular audiences. Some public information is about trafficking in persons in general, while some focuses more specifically on the risk that the purchase of certain services (particularly sexual services) or products will contribute to the exploitation of people who have been trafficked, so the intention of providing information is to influence the spending decisions of those who receive information. For information to be effective in discouraging demand, it needs to be provided to specific audiences which have been identified as constituting a demand factor or being able to influence demand, with the content of the information being tailored to have the intended influence. During the Special Rapporteur's country visits, she has heard of examples in which information has not been well-designed or targeted (and has therefore not had the desired effect). She has concluded that people who have been trafficked should routinely be consulted in the design, monitoring and evaluation of such efforts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Several provisions are also included in the Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings. For instance, its article 6 provides that: To discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads to trafficking, each Party shall adopt or strengthen legislative, administrative, educational, social, cultural or other measures including: a research on best practices, methods and strategies; b raising awareness of the responsibility and important role of media and civil society in identifying the demand as one of the root causes of trafficking in human beings; c target information campaigns involving, as appropriate, inter alia, public authorities and policy makers; d preventive measures, including educational programmes for boys and girls during their schooling, which stress the unacceptable nature of discrimination based on sex, and its disastrous consequences, the importance of gender equality and the dignity and integrity of every human being.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Boys
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 20
- Paragraph text
- The fundamental international instrument containing specific provisions on demand is the Trafficking in Persons Protocol. Its article 9, paragraph 5, states that States parties shall adopt or strengthen legislative or other measures, such as educational, social or cultural measures, including through bilateral and multilateral cooperation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, that leads to trafficking. The Protocol refers to the generic categories of measures that should be taken to discourage demand, but is not more precise. The guide published to advise States on what steps to take to implement the Protocol points out that "demand reduction … could be achieved in part through legislative or other measures targeting those who knowingly use or take advantage of the services of victims of exploitation".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Integration of a human rights-based approach in measures to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and which leads to human trafficking 2013, para. 31
- Paragraph text
- The 2003 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings recommended "adopting or strengthening legislative, educational, social, cultural or other measures, and, where applicable, penal legislation, including through bilateral and multilateral co-operation, to discourage the demand that fosters all forms of exploitation of persons, especially women and children, and that leads to trafficking". Furthermore, in its decision No. 8/07 on combating trafficking in human beings for labour exploitation, the Organization's Ministerial Council urged participating States to "develop programmes to curb the fraudulent recruitment used by some employment agencies that can make persons more vulnerable to being trafficked" (para. 16).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially in women and children
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Means of adoption
- N.A.
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
20 shown of 20 entities