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Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 50
- Paragraph text
- In Latin America, a successful example of housing cooperatives on a national scale is the mutual aid cooperatives in Uruguay, which are promoted by the Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives. The Uruguayan legislation recognizes collective tenure, and the regulation of the housing cooperatives is encompassed in the 1992 General Cooperative Law. Since 1965, around 600 Federation cooperatives have been consolidated in Uruguay, and around 20,000 families are living in houses and apartments built through mutual aid. Mutual aid cooperatives have been introduced and adapted in 14 Latin American and Caribbean countries over the past 20 years through various initiatives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- In the Uruguayan model, security of tenure is ensured by a contract between the cooperative and the member ("contrato de uso y goce" of the Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives), which is not time bound. Each family enjoys usufruct rights that can be inherited or sold back to the cooperative. The value of the member's share is paid back to him by the cooperative in two instalments over a period of three years and comprises the value of labour hours; maintenance of the common areas; the repaid amount of the loan; and the repaid interest. This prevents a high member turnover and protects the cooperative from gentrification processes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- A collective organization enables cooperatives to take on complex housing and infrastructure projects that would otherwise not be possible for an individual household. Community funds provide financial and technical support for the purchase of land parcels and communal infrastructure (such as roads, drainage, water and sanitation). The process typically involves negotiations with other stakeholders, such as the original owners of the parcel and the Government. In the Scandinavian model, the "mother" (also known as "parent" or "secondary") cooperative association is responsible for building housing developments, which are then sold to "daughter" (also known as "subsidiary" or "primary") cooperatives. Financial risk for members is limited to their daughter cooperative.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Guiding Principles on security of tenure for the urban poor 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Regulatory safeguards should be put in place to protect households facing default and foreclosure, including prohibiting eviction until the household has access to alternative adequate housing. In England and Wales, a pre-action protocol for possession claims obliges lenders and borrowers to follow procedures aimed at ensuring that repossession is a last resort after all reasonable attempts to resolve the situation have failed. In Richmond, California, the municipality voted to use its powers of eminent domain to seize mortgages of households that have defaulted or are at risk of default, when the investor refuses to sell. Under the scheme, the City pays the investor the current market value for the mortgage, often considerably less than the amount owing, and then supports affordable refinancing options for the homeowner. A decree-law in Andalucía, Spain, currently under appeal, allows the local Government to expropriate empty residences that have been repossessed by banks and developers in order to house families who have lost their homes.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- The housing situation of children is directly connected to the status of their migrant parents. When parents, and especially migrant single mothers, have no access to employment, social benefits or other sources of livelihood in the host country, children may end up living in substandard conditions or being homeless alongside their parents. On many occasions, migrant women heads of families, sometimes in charge of several children, have had great difficulty in finding employment and caring for their children, finding reduced opportunities to provide adequate shelter and essential food.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The impact of housing finance policies on the right to adequate housing of those living in poverty 2012, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Some community funds, such as Baan Mankong in Thailand and the Community Mortgage Programme in the Philippines, have demonstrated a great capacity to expand their coverage and to execute complex housing and infrastructure projects that involve national and local Governments, landowners and several communities. The Baan Mankong programme, introduced in 2003 by the Government of Thailand and implemented by an independent Government agency, the Community Organizations Development Institute, aimed to improve living conditions for 300,000 families by 2008. Its strategy for delivering low-income housing is to channel funds to community-based organizations that plan and carry out projects themselves. The programme became an exemplar for community-supported slum upgrading, although it has been implemented on a smaller scale than originally envisaged.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Guiding Principles on security of tenure for the urban poor 2014, para. 62
- Paragraph text
- States should adopt measures to strengthen women's registration of tenure rights. The registration of tenure rights in joint or multiple names, including of women, should be promoted as standard procedure, in order to avoid de jure or de facto discrimination if registration is authorized solely in the name of the head of the household. For example, in Tajikistan, law reform in 2004 made it mandatory to list all family members on certificates when families receive plots of land from former collective farms. Practical measures include requiring men and women to be present at the registration process, during which all documentation should be read aloud and explained; and providing space on documentation for recording multiple names. Under the Ethiopian land certification programme, for example, certificates are issued jointly with photos of both husband and wife. Incentives can also be used to promote registration of tenure rights in the name of women. For example, in 2006, Nepal introduced a partial tax exemption for plots of land registered to women.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Article 6 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Migration for Employment Convention (Revised) of 1949 requires parties to the Convention to apply, without discrimination in respect of nationality, race, religion or sex, to immigrants lawfully within its territory, treatment no less favourable than that which it applies to its own nationals in respect of accommodation. Similarly, the ILO Workers' Housing Recommendation of 1961 calls upon the competent authorities to pay particular attention to the particular problem of housing of migrant workers and their families and to ensure as rapidly as possible equality of treatment between migrant workers and national workers in that respect.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- At the regional level, article 13 of the European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers, requires States to accord to migrant workers treatment not less favourable than that accorded to its own nationals with regard to access to housing and rents; to ensure that standards of fitness of accommodation are kept up for migrant workers as for its own nationals; to protect migrant workers against exploitation in respect of rents; and to ensure that the housing of migrant workers is suitable. In addition, article 19 (4) (c) of the European Social Charter requires States to secure documented migrant workers and their families treatment not less favourable than that of their own nationals regarding accommodation.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
The impact of housing finance policies on the right to adequate housing of those living in poverty 2012, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- Problems also soon emerged with regard to the location of these programmes. In Chile, planning regulations were loosened and city limits expanded under the premise that a freely operating land market would automatically contribute to providing access to adequate housing through housing markets. Unlike in the case of housing markets for higher-income families, in which suppliers have to be sensitive to demand requirements and therefore to the trilogy of product-price-location as they operate in a competitive context, operators that supply social housing have a captive demand, particularly when it is fully subsidized. In a context of housing deficit, beneficiaries of housing subsidies will simply "buy" what is available at the moment. Suppliers of social housing can therefore be not very sensitive to, or simply ignore, demand preferences, as there is no competition.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2012
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 6
- Paragraph text
- International migration has become a vital feature of globalization and an important source of economic growth. Migrants are known to have participated in creating prosperity and wealth in their host countries, as well as assisting development and poverty reduction efforts in their countries of origin through remittances. Moreover, remittances are essential in family strategies to tackle increasing economic and social inequality.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Migration and the right to adequate housing 2010, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The global economic crisis is another element affecting global migration. Although remittances have proven to be more resilient than other forms of capital flow, the impact of the economic crisis has led to a drop in remittances affecting receiving families and countries across the world. Moreover, cuts in public budgets and services as a result of the crisis particularly affect migrants, who often need to resort to public services and infrastructure in the host country. The increase in unemployment disproportionately affects migrant workers in those sectors significantly affected by the economic crisis, such as construction, tourism and domestic work. With no regular employment and little income, migrants are less likely to afford to pay rent or mortgages. They are thus at risk of defaulting and becoming homeless. As explained in the Special Rapporteur's annual report to the Human Rights Council in 2009 (A/HRC/10/7), in Spain migrants were particularly affected by the crisis, and it is estimated that 180,000 Latin American families were at risk of default in 2008. Furthermore, discrimination and xenophobia are on the rise, including as a result of the economic downturn, and many Governments have succumbed to demagogic policies matching or reinforcing the nationalistic sentiments of their constituencies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 47
- Paragraph text
- Common property is a regime that allocates a package of property rights to a group. Such rights may include ownership, management, use, exchange and access of shared resources. The term "common property regime" refers to a set of institutions, regulations and management practices subject to collective decision-making. Such regimes are distinct from communal tenure, which refers more broadly to community-based tenure systems, in which some form of collective authority (for example, an extended family, clan or other social grouping) holds allocation rights. The present section refers to common property tenure arrangements in urban settings that have been implemented in recent years in both developed and developing countries.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Analysis of two alternative housing policies: rental and collective housing 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- The Uruguayan mutual aid cooperatives promote affordable housing through a collective process involving the future occupiers. Ownership, as well as responsibility for the mortgage and maintenance of the property is collective and indivisible. Under the Federation of Mutual Aid Housing Cooperatives model, families can get access to collective housing loans without previous savings (particularly suitable for low-income households); the time they spend building the houses is considered to be down payment (15 per cent of public bank mortgage). Members pay a monthly share of the collective mortgage, an additional fee to the Cooperative Fund for the maintenance of common spaces and services, and an assistance fund for members that are temporarily unable to pay to the cooperative due to various reasons (such as accident, loss of employment or death of bread winner).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Reflection on work undertaken in first 14 years of the mandate; outline of opportunities and priorities 2014, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- Migrant workers have also made important advances in addressing discrimination in economic and social contexts, such as discrimination based on citizenship or immigration status, including "undocumented" status. Migrant domestic workers, migrant construction workers (for example, those working in extractive industries or large-scale infrastructure projects), children, older migrants and migrants in irregular situations are the most vulnerable, often lacking administrative or judicial remedies for their housing claims. Migrant workers and the members of their families frequently face housing conditions characterized by overcrowding, irregular or unregulated rental markets, high exposure to arbitrary changes in the cost of rent or essential services, and substandard living conditions, and can be subject to abuse, in particular when they are undocumented.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Families
- Older persons
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
15 shown of 15 entities