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The Special Rapporteur's vision of the mandate 2017, para. 32
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- In his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/20/27), highlighting best practices in promoting the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, he clarified that the right to freedom of peaceful assembly covered not only the right to hold and to participate in peaceful assemblies, but also the right to be protected from undue interference, and that it further protected those monitoring peaceful assemblies. As to the right to freedom of association, that ranged from the creation to the termination of an association and included the right to form and join an association, to operate freely and to be protected from undue interference, to access funding and resources and to take part in the conduct of public affairs. He further highlighted best practices worldwide that promoted and protected the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association, covering issues such as the definition of “peaceful assembly” and “association”, the presumption in favour of allowing peaceful assemblies, the concept of notification versus authorization of peaceful assemblies, the right to be protected from undue interference during assemblies, building the human rights capacity of law enforcement, the rights of monitors and journalists in the context of peaceful assemblies, the right to form and join an association, including unregistered associations, the right to operate an association freely and be protected from undue interference, the right for associations to access funding and resources, the right to take part in public affairs, the termination, suspension and dissolution of associations and the right to an adequate remedy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 79
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- Attempts to erode the right to strike take place both at the multilateral and national levels. In 2012, the ILO Employers' Group began arguing that the right to strike, protected by Convention 87, did not exist at all. Subsequent court decisions have dismissed employers' claims. The Special Rapporteur notes the positive role played by the Government Group in upholding workers' right to strike by recognizing that "without protecting a right to strike, freedom of association, in particular the right to organize activities for the purpose of promoting and protecting workers' interests, cannot be fully realized."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the right to freedom of association includes the right to form political parties vying for power and other associations with goals that may be perceived as "political". Likewise, the right to freedom of peaceful assembly includes the right to engage in political demonstrations. Indeed, one of the core purposes of these rights is to preserve people's ability to peacefully express their grievances with political leaders. He abhors the increasingly common trend of conflating the interests of the State with the interests of the ruling political party, and believes that this approach to governance is incompatible with the principles of democracy, international human rights law and the spirit of the United Nations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 35
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- Similarly, the Australian State of Tasmania has enacted the Workplaces (Protection from Protestors) Act 2014, which makes it a criminal offence to participate in a protest that may obstruct or prevent a business activity or access to business premises (see also A/HRC/28/85, case AUS 3/2014). At the time of writing, the State of Western Australia was considering similar legislation. The Special Rapporteur has urged the State Parliament to vote against the law.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- Some States have outright bans on all legitimate unions, including Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Other States, such as Qatar, impose impermissibly broad restrictions, such as prohibiting public-sector employees from joining trade unions or participating in collective bargaining or strikes. Some laws restrict bargaining subjects, including wages, which hampers assembly and association rights, as workers are more reluctant to risk organizing when potential gains are so few. States, such as China, that own or operate enterprises and do not permit the formation of independent unions violate association and assembly rights both as a government and employer (see E/C.12/CHN/CO/2, para. 23).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 50
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- The Constitution of the People's Republic of China formally establishes a multiparty State, but stipulates that the system must be "led by the Communist Party of China". Dissent against party orthodoxy is nonetheless severely punished, as illustrated starkly by the crackdown on the peaceful pro-democracy protests in February 2011 in several parts of the country - protests inspired by the Tunisian "Jasmine Revolution". Demonstrators had been calling on the authorities to end the one-party regime; many were arrested and charged with "inciting subversion of State power" (see A/HRC/18/51, case CHN 5/2011).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 87
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- For example, despite well-documented, systematic and decades-long violations of freedom of association in Colombia, the United States signed a free trade agreement with the country in 2012. Four years later, unions, frustrated by lax enforcement and lack of political will, filed a trade complaint charging widespread and ongoing violations of freedom of association in the petroleum and sugar cane sectors. Canadian unions have filed a similar complaint under their country's bilateral trade agreement with Colombia.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- In relation to Indonesia, the Special Rapporteur has received reports that the authorities' enforcement of the nationalist "unitary State" ideology extends to the repression of demonstrations by ethnic West Papuans. He stresses that the State has the responsibility to protect and facilitate protests that advocate political and cultural views that differ from, and even oppose, those espoused by the Government.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 85
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- Denying people space for peaceful, legal and constructive engagement does not make their feelings of anger, despair and dissatisfaction go away. To the contrary, it simply pushes these feelings underground, where they can fester and turn violent. Extremism thrives in such environments, because it is the only option left.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 62
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- Some States have used more general laws to restrict workers' assembly and association rights. In India, for example, the government of Karnataka used section 144 of the Criminal Procedure Code, which prohibits assemblies of more than 10 people, to stop protests by garment workers in Bengaluru in April 2016. The Constitution of Zimbabwe protects assembly and association rights, but they are compromised by other criminal laws that punish acts and opinions detrimental to public order with up to five years in prison. The laws have been used to repress trade union and civil society freedom of association rights. Similarly, in Swaziland, labour federation criticism of the Government resulted in the federation's deregistration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 48
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- The Special Rapporteur has previously noted that in Oman, an absolute monarchy, the right to freedom to form associations is "virtually non-existent", with the law requiring government consent, cooperation and control in order for a lawful association to be established (see A/HRC/29/25/Add.1, para 37). Political parties are banned, participants in peaceful assemblies and/or unregistered associations (see A/HRC/29/50, cases OMN 5/2014 and OMN 1/2015) are regularly targeted for harassment by the State, and at least one advocate for democratic reforms - Said Jadad - was imprisoned after he met with the Special Rapporteur during the latter's official visit to the country in 2014.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
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The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 69
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- In many countries where rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association are constitutionalized, such as Bahrain, strikes are intentionally impeded. Some 92 countries exclude specific categories of workers from striking. The law in India allows the Government to ban strikes in Government-owned enterprises. In Kazakhstan, workers in entities that provide "vital activities" (public transport, utilities and communications) may strike only if the "necessary range of services is provided based on a prior agreement with the local executive authorities".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 90
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- The Special Rapporteur maintains that private multilateral bodies, such as the International Olympic Committee and the Federation Internationale de Football Association, have a responsibility to respect, if not promote, universally recognized human rights (A/69/365, para. 31). He regrets that those bodies have not taken advantage of their power and influence to press host countries of their events such as Brazil (Summer Olympics 2016) and Qatar (World Cup 2022) to uphold workers' rights, including assembly and association rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 38
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- The free market fundamentalist approach has, over time, influenced government policy and practice in a way that has harmed workers' association rights. In the United States, for example, State officials in Tennessee reportedly offered nearly $300 million in incentives to Volkswagen if it added a new production line to a factory in Chattanooga, but made the investment contingent on the plant remaining non-unionized. The governor and other State officials made public statements against unionization efforts and workers ultimately voted against organizing. This is contrary to the principle that human rights cannot be renounced. On the international stage, a coalition of employers' associations embarked upon a multi-year campaign within the International Labour Organization - and publicly - aimed at striking down jurisprudence upholding the right to strike.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 40
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- The Special Rapporteur is dismayed at the lack of genuine civil society participation surrounding trade agreements and economic issues in general. He and others have noted previously that the right to freedom of association should be viewed as "an essential adjunct" to the related fundamental right to participate in public affairs. Thus it is not enough for States to simply allow associations to exist; they must seek to actively engage with civil society and to create conditions in which the sector can flourish and play a significant role in public life. The Special Rapporteur views the right to freedom of peaceful assembly as playing a similar role as a vehicle for enjoyment of the right to participate in public affairs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Economic Rights
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 86
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- Today's trade and investment agreements regulate broad aspects of international economic and social relations, many of which affect human rights. In recent years, trade agreements negotiated by Canada, the European Union and the United States incorporated labour provisions to address worker rights failings. Although trade agreements have helped encourage some countries, such as Bahrain, Oman and Peru (signatories to bilateral trade agreements with the United States), to undertake legal reforms prior to ratification, they have not addressed changes required to guarantee full freedom of peaceful assembly and association, and provisions have been poorly enforced.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 57
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- Saudi Arabia places severe restrictions on the practice of religions other than the Wahhabi variant of Sunni Islam. According to one civil society report, "public non-Muslim places of worship are not allowed, and the right of non-Muslims to practise their religion in private is not fully protected". Blasphemy (deviation from the State's form of Islam) and apostasy (renunciation of Islam) are criminalized, with the latter carrying the death penalty; these crimes and others have been used against activists who criticize State policy (see A/HRC/32/53, case SAU 11/2015). It is also considered a criminal act of terrorism for an individual or association to call for atheist thought in any form, or to call into question the fundamentals of the Islamic religion". It is worth noting in this context that a 2012 Gallup poll found that 5 per cent of the population of Saudi Arabia identifies as atheist, while another 19 per cent identifies as "not religious".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 65
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- The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that States have a responsibility to protect the peaceful assembly and association rights of all people, even if they hold unpopular views or practise a minority faith. This responsibility includes the duty to protect individuals and groups from attacks by non-State actors, and to ensure accountability when such attacks occur.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 75
- Paragraph text
- Other States generally fail to protect workers against employer violations or to enforce their own laws. In fact, many do not stop at benign neglect, but support or collude with employers to infringe upon workers' rights to peaceful assembly and to association. In the United States, Tennessee State officials reportedly offered nearly $300 million in incentives to Volkswagen for adding a production line to a factory, but the offer was contingent on the plant remaining non-unionized (A/HRC/32/36, para. 38). In the State of Georgia in the United States, police called in by the company prevented union organizers from distributing leaflets outside the company's gates, and issued a citation that carried the comment: "picketing drivers to become union". The State government of Mississippi touts the lack of unionization as a great benefit when courting potential employers. The dangers of that are exemplified by the situation at the Nissan plant in Canton, where the company has aggressively worked to prevent unions from organizing. During his official visit to the United States in July 2016, the Special Rapporteur was informed that Nissan operates 44 major plants throughout the world; all of them are unionized, except for two of them in the south of the United States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 36
- Paragraph text
- Free market fundamentalism in the United States of America has led to a systematic rollback of the right to freedom of association for workers in several jurisdictions, particularly in the 26 States that have enacted so-called "right to work" legislation. The laws forbid unions from negotiating contracts that require all workers represented by a union to pay dues. Proponents of the laws frame their purpose in free market terms, saying that employees should "decide for themselves whether or not to join or financially support a union". But at the same time, United States law requires unions to represent all employees in a bargaining unit. Thus, the effect of the "right to work" laws is to give non-dues-paying workers a free ride: they reap the benefits that the union has negotiated without having to pay the costs. This can weaken unions over the long run, and the Special Rapporteur views these laws as legislative obstacles intentionally designed to discourage people from exercising their right to freedom of association in the workplace.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Religious fundamentalism by non-State actors - and the State's active or tacit encouragement of this - frequently results in violations of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association. Some prominent Buddhist monks in Myanmar, a Buddhist-majority country, have stirred vicious anger and violence against the Rohingya people, a Muslim minority group that is not recognized by the Government as a distinct ethnic group. The Government has reportedly done little in response, leading to repeated outbreaks of violence targeting Rohingya. Moreover, following riots between Rohingya and Buddhists in Rakhine State, the Government imposed Emergency Act 144 in June 2012, which prevented groups of five or more people from gathering in public areas. The ban was reportedly only enforced against Rohingya. The Special Rapporteur welcomes reports that the state of emergency was lifted in March 2016, but stresses that such blanket bans, especially when enforced against a specific group only, violate the right to freedom of peaceful assembly.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Humanitarian
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 91
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- Corporate social responsibility and social auditing comprise a multimillion-dollar industry created by global businesses to monitor compliance with industry human rights standards across supply chains and at the enterprise level. Although those mechanisms have resulted in some anecdotal successes and benefited companies' public relations images, they have had little measurable impact on promoting assembly and association rights. Problems include their voluntary, non binding nature; lack of consultation with workers and communities; audit results having little impact on business decision-making; and limited, pre-scheduled factory audits that frequently ignore freedom of association. In Pakistan, for example, the Ali Enterprises garment factory was ravaged by fire, killing nearly 300 workers only days after it had been audited and certified in 2012.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 58
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- The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes only four religious categories: Muslims, Zoroastrians, Jews and Christians. Those of other faiths are effectively denied the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in a religious context. Discrimination against those of the Baha'i faith is particularly significant, and members of the community are regularly prohibited from engaging in peaceful assembly. The Special Rapporteur has received reports of harassment against officially recognized Christian denominations as well (see A/HRC/25/74, case IRN 8/2013).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Finally, the Special Rapporteur notes that anti-religious fundamentalism can be as harmful to assembly and association rights as religious fundamentalism. In Viet Nam, freedom of religion is nominally protected by the Constitution, but the Special Rapporteur has received reports that the State harasses unofficial groups that do not submit to regulations imposing intrusive government control over their operations (see A/HRC/27/72, case VNM 7/2014). The Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief noted, after his 2014 visit to the country, the "tight control" over official religious communities, and "constant surveillance, intimidation, harassment and persecution" of unrecognized communities (see A/HRC/28/66/Add.2). In the Russian Federation, the authorities closed down the local religious organizations of the Jehovah's Witnesses on the ground that it was an "extremist organization" (see A/HRC/31/79, case RUS 6/2015).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 69
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- Cultural and nationalist fundamentalisms are sometimes distinguished from racism and xenophobia conceptually (because the characteristic in focus is culture or nationality rather than race or skin colour) and rhetorically (to avoid violating international human rights law). The elevation of a particular (national) culture as superior may not in of itself constitute discrimination in the same way that differentiation on the basis of race does. Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur stresses the dangers that cultural and nationalist fundamentalisms pose to the enjoyment of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Fundamentalism and its impact on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association 2016, para. 59
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- The list of countries with similar discrimination against minority religions and atheists is too long to recount here. According to a 2015 civil society report, atheism is effectively illegal in 19 countries, and is punishable by death in 13 of those. "Blasphemy" and similar criticisms against religion are a criminal offence in 55 countries. The Special Rapporteur has grave concerns about the implications of such laws on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- Nevertheless, the Special Rapporteur notes the positive impact that the Accord on Fire and Building Safety in Bangladesh has had on improving garment workers' ability to exercise their assembly and association rights. Global brands, retailers and unions are signatories to the legally binding agreement, established in May 2013, giving garment workers a voice in improving their workplaces.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The exercise of the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association in the workplace 2016, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- States have obligations under international human rights law to ensure that everyone within their jurisdiction is able to exercise his or her rights. Those obligations include refraining from violating workers' rights, taking positive measures to fulfil the rights and protecting against violations by third parties.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Comparative study of enabling environments for associations and businesses 2015, para. 101
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- Similarly, the authorities may interfere with meetings or events convened by civil society organizations, including internal meetings held at private venues. In Rwanda, for example, the authorities reportedly prevented the Rwandan League for the Promotion and Defence of Human Rights from holding a general assembly. There is no evidence that private business entities, for example when holding shareholders' meetings, face similar restrictions, in Rwanda or elsewhere. Similarly, in Cambodia, attendees at the 2012 ASEAN Peoples' Forum in Phnom Penh reported being turned away from hotels en masse after State security agents pressured the owners; however, no similar problems were reported for the country's International Investment Conference in 2014, which the Prime Minister himself formally opened.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Comparative study of enabling environments for associations and businesses 2015, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe-Venice Commission Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly affirm that "assemblies are as legitimate uses of public space as commercial activity or the movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic". This principle should be taken into account in weighing restrictions on assemblies. Yet, in the Special Rapporteur's experience, the authorities are more likely to restrict protests and demonstrations (expressive gatherings more often organized by associations) for reasons of the disruption of traffic and commercial activity and the protection of property, than commercial events that cause similar disruption. Concerns have been raised about the implementation of a crowd-control policy in the city of Oakland, United States, where law enforcement officials reportedly restrict night-time protests, purportedly to prevent violence and protect property from vandalism. By contrast, a parade to celebrate a sports team victory received considerably more accommodation from the Oakland authorities.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and association
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2015
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