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The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 83
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- [The Special Rapporteur perceives a crucial need for States, donors, international agencies and civil society to work collaboratively together, as substantial movement and migration across national borders will continue to define our globalized world. Their joint aim should be to build and sustain cohesive and resilient communities able to adapt in response to change. To this end, the Special Rapporteur recommends that exchange of good practice is increased and, at a minimum, all should look to:] • Pay increased attention to quality linguistic and culturally appropriate early childhood, primary, post-primary and tertiary education that is responsive to the developmental needs of a region and the value of regional understanding and tolerance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Year
- 2010
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The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 44
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- It is now widely recognized that having a home language that differs from that used in schools has a negative impact on achievement, learning and integration into the wider community. Policy and pedagogic responses require host-language training combined with the preservation of mother tongue. This requirement was recognized in many questionnaire responses. The Special Rapporteur concurs with those who view diversity in language within a State as a national resource and invites States to promote such diversity and accord it full recognition.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2010
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The right to education of migrants, refugees and asylum-seekers 2010, para. 37
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- States, civil society and global international agencies have, in their own ways, sought to address some of the issues noted above. The Special Rapporteur points to three examples of how to strengthen educational opportunity and quality across all groups in disadvantaged communities. First, a number of European States have weighted additional funding according to the socio-demographic characteristics of the student population. Switzerland, aiming to halt native middle-class “flight” from inner city districts with a high proportion of ethnically-diverse populations, has focused on raising the quality of existing multi-ethnic schools by introducing an area-wide model of quality assurance. In Ecuador, human rights organizations and international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have collaborated to organize inclusive workshops to design and implement “codes of living together” based upon respect for diversity, solidarity, equity and justice.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2010
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Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) 2012, para. 64
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- Qualification systems for connecting skills development and lifelong learning are also very important. The need for flexible and open learning and qualifications systems for technical and vocational education and training is associated with the recognition that learning takes place in multiple settings that go far beyond formal technical and vocational education and training. There is also need to bridge the divide between formal and non-formal/informal technical and vocational skills development. In line with ILO Recommendation No. 195, this can be done by "national qualification frameworks (NQF) and recognition of prior learning (RPL), with mechanisms and opportunities for the recognition and validation of experiential learning as well as rewarding and motivating all workers in the context of lifelong learning".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Year
- 2012
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Sexual education 2010, para. 65
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- In the case of Latin America and the Caribbean, gender issues are stated to be important at all levels. However, the regional average shows that countries are still not dealing with all aspects of sexual inequality in official programmes. Moreover, the question of discrimination based on sexual orientation or preference is practically omitted from school curricula in the region. Only Uruguay reports that it is included in all programmes, while Colombia and Argentina report that it is addressed in most programmes.45
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Year
- 2010
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Report on the Post-2015 Education Agenda 2013, para. 130
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- Accordingly, effective enforcement mechanisms linked to Government accountability should be foreseen in the future agenda. The agenda should contain provisions enabling individuals and groups to claim their right to education as an entitlement in the case of violation or lack of its fulfilment. In this respect, the special role of ombudspersons and national human rights institutions and public human rights defenders should be recognized.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2013
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Report on the Post-2015 Education Agenda 2013, para. 75
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- The participation and engagement of civil society organizations, including in particular teachers, students, their parents and communities, is important for a well-functioning national education system, and for its success.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2013
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Report on the Post-2015 Education Agenda 2013, para. 53
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- Lifelong learning was emphasized in the UNESCO World Education Report 2000: The Right to Education - Towards Education for All throughout Life (Paris, 2000). Rather than being a time-bound goal to be achieved by 2030, lifelong learning is a permanent and steadily growing necessity. At minimum, a lifelong learning goal that provides for adult literacy and numeracy programmes must be included in the agenda to ensure that the millions of illiterate adults are able to realize their right to a basic education.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Year
- 2013
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Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 93
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- The commercialization of education by all kinds of for-profit operators or with objectives contrary to international commitments by States and national values must be stopped and sanctioned. Corruption by private providers continues owing to a lack of regulations and monitoring, oversight and control mechanisms. As a result, the delivery of primary or basic education can be made a family business by running a school in a private house. Furthermore, few Governments have satisfactory regulations on tutoring by private tutorial companies. Regulations for such companies are also necessary.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2015
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Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 91
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- Courts in the United States have also ruled that using public money to fund private school tuition vouchers is unconstitutional, and that public money being so used should instead go to public schools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2015
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Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 90
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- The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled in 1997 that excluding pupils from schools on an economic basis only violates their enjoyment of the right to education. The Court also ruled that because of the fundamental character of the right to education, private schools are bound by specific constitutional obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2015
Paragraph
Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 85
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- Singapore is an especially noteworthy example of how States can effectively regulate private education providers with sanctions in cases of abusive practices. According to the country's Private Education Act, private educational establishments must be registered and abide by very strict quality standards and norms. They can be refused permission to operate if the private education institution is not in the public interest. The Act establishes duties and management accountabilities. It provides that "any registered private education institution which contravenes any requirement or restriction imposed … shall be guilty of an offence" and makes acting "fraudulently or dishonestly" or "misleading" the public punishable by law. The Act contains comprehensive provisions on inspection, enforcement and offences, as well as a detailed section on offences by corporate bodies, including unincorporated associations that, when found guilty of an offence, shall be liable to be prosecuted and punished accordingly.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2015
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Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 73
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- Chile has embarked on a transformative, regulatory approach to undoing the devastating impact of 30 years of market-based policies in education, which have led to high levels of school segregation and stratification. The Special Rapporteur hopes the current reforms will dismantle the underlying neoliberal economic policies and restore education as a public service through new, socially just and equity-focused legislation. He also hopes that the negative consequences of privatization in Chile will dissuade countries such as Peru from following that path. Nearly 25 per cent of Peruvian schools are private and, rather than protecting the public interest in education, Peru has issued legislative decree No. 882, which leaves it to the national consumer protection agency to regulate private schools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2015
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Protecting education against commercialization 2015, para. 46
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- According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), "public schools with comparable student populations offer the same advantages" as private schools. These schools take credit for academic success, yet having educated wealthy parents is the most determining factor in such success. Generally, private schools are chosen owing to the lack or poor quality of public schools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2015
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Privatization and the right to education 2014, para. 93
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- Existing jurisprudence enables us to better understand obligations that the right to education imposes upon private providers. For example, the Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled in 1997 that excluding pupils from schools on an economic basis only violates their enjoyment of the right to education. The Court also ruled that because of the fundamental character of the right to education, private schools are bound by specific obligations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2014
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Privatization and the right to education 2014, para. 88
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- As Global Corruption Report: Education has demonstrated, "From primary to higher education level, no part of the education cycle is immune to corruption."18 Corruption by private providers remains unscathed due to lack of financial regulations, scrutiny of their operations and control mechanisms. As a result, the provision of primary or basic education can be turned into a family business by running a school in a private house. In addition, in some cases, teachers in private schools are actually paid less than the amount the proprietors make them declare on paper. Private schools even engage teachers employed by public schools, which is not above board.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
Privatization and the right to education 2014, para. 65
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- The provision of basic education free of cost is not only a core obligation of States, but also a moral imperative. Social protests against exorbitant fee increases in education, especially in privatized higher education, are well known. In 2011, Chile became a glaring example of sacrificing social interest in education in favour of privatization; protests against privatization demanding an end to for-profit educational institutions that involved high costs for students were violently suppressed by police forces, resulting in the killing of a student.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Year
- 2014
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Normative action for quality education 2012, para. 59
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- The teaching profession is not attractive enough and often does not enjoy social esteem, and this undermines teachers’ morale and motivation. Enhancing career development perspectives for teachers is crucial. In this regard, the UNESCO-ILO Recommendation concerning the Status of Teachers (1966) provides a basis for developing national laws applicable to all teachers, in both private and public schools.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2012
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 79
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- The Special Rapporteur also notes that recognition of prior learning is an important element in national qualifications frameworks. This has been recognized as a right in some countries. In France for example, the Social Modernization Act of 2002 makes access to validation of knowledge gained through experience a right for every person having at least three years of experience. In Norway, adults are entitled, by law, to primary and lower secondary education and to validation of their prior learning.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 67
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- Technical and vocational education and training cuts across formal or school- based, non-formal or enterprise-based, and informal or traditional apprenticeship. It has a nexus with the right to education and the right to work and is valuable in providing "retraining for adults whose current knowledge and skills have become obsolete owing to technological, economic, employment, social or other changes ". Such education and training can enable vocational trainees to acquire further professional competence and improve their skills and competencies. Numerous initiatives taken in all regions of the world to introduce reforms in technical and vocational education and training systems are propelled by a variety of skill requirements in the rapidly changing economies of the twenty-first century and involve lifelong learning. In India, inspired by the vision of the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, of a "skilled India", efforts are being made to align the "demands of the employers for a well-trained skilled workforce with aspirations of Indian citizens for sustainable livelihoods". With the launch of the national skill development mission (kaushal vikas yogna), a national skill development and entrepreneurship policy was adopted in 2015 for that purpose.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 60
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- The National Agreement for Skills and Workforce Development of Australia introduced a national training entitlement for government-subsidized training to at least the Certificate III qualification, with a view to ensuring that working -age Australians without qualifications can obtain the skills that they need to work in higher-skilled jobs.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Education
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 59
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- Lifelong learning figures in the education plans and strategies of several countries, for example the strategy for lifelong learning of Denmark, adopted in 2007, which is aimed at promoting lifelong learning in all parts of society and in all areas in which the knowledge, skills and competences of people are developed and put to use. In Jamaica, the national development plan, Vision 2030 Jamaica, is aimed at empowering individuals "to learn for life" so as to be creative and productive.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 57
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- The Special Rapporteur underlines the importance of the constitutional bases of lifelong learning. For example, in the Republic of Korea, it is the constitutional obligation of the State to promote "lifelong education" (art. 31 (5)). The Framework Act on Education of the Republic of Korea introduced the right of every citizen to learn throughout life. The country also adopted the Lifelong Education Act. In Argentina, the right to learn is enshrined in article 14 of the national Constitution of 22 August 1994. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines encourages the development of non-formal, informal and indigenous learning systems, as well as the provision of adult education and vocational training.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 53
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- Lifelong learning has developed not only from a right to education perspective; its development manifests a broader human rights-based approach, linking lifelong learning to other human rights. UNESCO recognizes that "in the framework of lifelong learning, … literacy and adult learning and education contribute to the realization of the right to education that enables adults to exercise other economic, political, social and cultural rights". The aim of adult learning and education is to empower people in that perspective.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 49
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- In this respect, communities can play a role in promoting lifelong learning, including in the creation or strengthening of appropriate institutional structures, such as community learning centres, for delivering adult learning and education, and in encouraging adults to use them as hubs for individual learning as well as community development. Available experience on communities building infrastructure for basic education can be scaled up to lifelong learning processes at the local and regional levels. So-called "learning cities" can improve the lifelong education system so as to encourage vocational colleges, community colleges and open universities to play a greater role in development by providing lifelong learning opportunities. Wider dimension can be given to this by developing "learning cities, towns and villages".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 45
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- In this evolution, the Special Rapporteur emphasizes the importance of giving consideration to the State obligations laid down in international normative instruments. States have the obligation to "develop comprehensive, inclusive and integrated policies for adult learning and education in its various forms" according to their specific conditions, governing structures and constitutional provisions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2016
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Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 42
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- The Special Rapporteur considers it important to take full cognizance of UNESCO normative work in the early 1970s, which led to the emergence of the "right to lifelong learning". The Third International Conference on Adult Education, convened by UNESCO in Tokyo in 1972, provided a conceptual turning point when it declared its belief that "the right of individuals to education, their right to learn and to go on learning, is to be considered on the same basis as their other fundamental rights, such as the right to health and to hygiene, the right to security, the right to all forms of civil liberty, etc."
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Lifelong learning and the right to education 2016, para. 37
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- Lifelong learning is rooted in the integration of learning and living, covering learning activities for people of all ages in all life-wide contexts through a variety of modalities (formal, non-formal and informal) that together meet a wide range of learning needs and demands. Adult learning and education provides a variety of learning pathways and flexible learning opportunities, including second -chance programmes to make up for lack of initial schooling, including for people who have never been to school, early school leavers and dropouts.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Year
- 2016
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Justiciability of the right to education 2013, para. 82d
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- [Bearing in mind the key importance of the justiciability of the right to education and its enforcement, and with a view to fostering protective as well as promotional role of adjudication mechanisms, the Special Rapporteur would like to offer the following recommendations:] National human rights institutions, tribunals, commissions and ombudspersons provide a crucial point of first instance for many complaints related to the right to education. As such, governments must make every effort to ensure such institutions fully comply with the Paris Principles, and in particular be made, and be seen to be made, independent from any government authority. They should also be empowered to initiate investigations into violations on their own initiative to allow them to pursue serious allegations raised in the media or elsewhere which are not being brought by the victims themselves. Appointments to courts and quasi-judicial mechanisms should be protected by legislation to protect against arbitrary government interference, or politically motivated dismissals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2013
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Justiciability of the right to education 2013, para. 82c
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- [Bearing in mind the key importance of the justiciability of the right to education and its enforcement, and with a view to fostering protective as well as promotional role of adjudication mechanisms, the Special Rapporteur would like to offer the following recommendations:] Domestic legislation should define the rights and responsibilities of all stakeholders for the right to education. At a minimum, such legislation should create the legal framework for primary, secondary, tertiary and vocational education systems. It should also create monitoring and reporting mechanisms, providing indicators and statistics necessary for the right to education to be evaluated and enforced. Reference should also be made to the legal recourse mechanisms and procedures, highlighting the administrative and legal mechanisms that will address alleged violations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right to education
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Year
- 2013
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