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Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Ongoing debate about the minimum standards for corporate disclosures and relevant best practices reflects uncertainty about the appropriate balance between transparency and competing values, such as individual security and trade secrecy. While there is growing consensus that corporations should disclose information about how restrictions are interpreted and enforced, there is less agreement about how this should be done. Similarly, there is widespread agreement about the importance of quantitative transparency, but it is less clear how such information should be contextualized, presented and made accessible.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Freedom of expression, States and the private sector in the digital age 2016, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The appropriate role of the State in supplementing or regulating corporate remedial mechanisms also requires closer analysis. Civil proceedings and other judicial redress are often available to consumers adversely affected by corporate action, but these are often cumbersome and expensive. Meaningful alternatives may include complaint and grievance mechanisms established and run by consumer protection bodies and industry regulators. Several States also mandate internal remedial or grievance mechanisms: India, for example, requires corporations that possess, deal with or handle sensitive personal data to designate grievance officers to address "any discrepancies and grievances […] with respect to processing of information".
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- Freedom of opinion and expression in electoral processes is also threatened when economic power is exerted over the political process through campaign financing and paid political advertising. Wealthy societal segments and corporate interest lobbies can directly exert political influence through exploiting unregulated political finance structures, and opportunities for paid political advertising. In many States neither the donor nor the recipient is required publicly to disclose financial contributions. Wealthy groups and candidates are also disproportionately advantaged when there are no restrictions in place as to how political campaigns can use and disburse campaign funds.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The right to freedom of opinion and expression in electoral contexts 2014, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Another way that political parties and candidates seek to publicize their platforms and garner votes is by paying for political advertising. The regulation of political advertising is a contentious issue. Whereas political advertising can be an important means by which political parties, particularly those with less public visibility, can educate voters, unlimited and unregulated paid political advertising increases dependence on campaign finance and gives an unfair advantage to well-financed political candidates.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2014
Paragraph
The implications of States’ surveillance of communications on the exercise of the human rights to privacy and to freedom of opinion and expression 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Innovations in technology throughout the twentieth century changed the nature and implications of communication surveillance. The means by, and frequency with which people are able to communicate expanded significantly. The transition from fixed-line telephone systems to mobile telecommunication and the declining costs of communications services resulted in dramatic growth in telephone usage. The advent of the Internet saw the birth of a number of new tools and applications to communicate at no cost, or at very affordable rates. These advancements have enabled greater connectivity, facilitated the global flow of information and ideas, and increased the opportunities for economic growth and societal change.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2013
Paragraph
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- An increasing number of web services require high-speed Internet connectivity, in particular to access content on video-oriented websites. Thus, to effectively use the Internet, broadband access is increasingly becoming the norm. However, there is also a significant digital divide between those who enjoy fast access to multimedia content online and those still struggling with slow, shared dial-up links. The Special Rapporteur notes that, according to ITU, 24.6 per cent of inhabitants in developed States have access to fixed broadband Internet connection, versus 4.4 per cent in developing States.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- There are a number of factors that pose challenges to ensuring Internet access at the national level. For example, in many countries, the Internet market, and particularly the backbone infrastructure and international gateway, remain under the monopoly of one or very few telecommunications operators. Furthermore, both limited competition and scarce international Internet bandwidth tend to keep prices for Internet access high and often unaffordable in the area of fixed broadband access. Moreover, the relatively high cost of accessing the Internet and the purchase of basic equipment makes it impossible for many people to have Internet access at home, with public access the only way to go online.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet 2011, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- To overcome these barriers, it is particularly important for States to play a proactive role, for example, by making the Internet more affordable, and by allowing as many people as possible to have Internet access at home while at the same time ensuring public access for people in rural areas and for people with low income levels. States can use their regulatory powers in circumstances where competition is limited, as a way to limit costs. States should also consider the possibility of subsidizing Internet services and the necessary hardware to facilitate access to the poorest sectors of the population.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
The right to freedom of opinion and expression exercised through the Internet 2011, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- Given that access to basic commodities such as electricity remains difficult in many developing States, the Special Rapporteur is acutely aware that universal access to the Internet for all individuals worldwide cannot be achieved instantly. However, the Special Rapporteur reminds all States of their positive obligation to promote or to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and the means necessary to exercise this right, including the Internet. Hence, States should adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies - developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector as well as relevant Government ministries - to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2011
Paragraph
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Access to means of communication and, in particular, to electronic communications is now seen as necessary for achieving development and, therefore, should also be considered as an economic and social right. Governments should take responsibility for facilitating and subsidizing access to electronic media to ensure equitable enjoyment of this right, to combat poverty and to achieve their development goals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
Groups in need of attention, limitations to the right to freedom of expression, and protection of journalists 2010, para. 111
- Paragraph text
- Electronic communication is also an economic right, in that it is an essential factor for development. Accordingly, States should ensure that all sectors of society, and in particular the most disadvantaged among them, have access to electronic communications media.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- All
- Year
- 2010
Paragraph
11 shown of 11 entities