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Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 92
- Paragraph text
- States must act to ensure more equal distribution of care work. This requires redistribution in three forms: redistribution between women and men; redistribution from households to the State; and redistribution of time and resources towards poorer families and households.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 51
- Paragraph text
- Women tend to work in sectors greatly affected by economic instability. During economic crises, they are thus often the first to lose their jobs. Furthermore, owing to lower levels of education, less control over productive resources and access to different supportive networks, they have weaker negotiating positions than men and fewer chances of finding other income-generating activities in which to engage.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- Tax structures also affect other types of inequality; for instance, tax structures frequently discriminate against women directly or indirectly, for example by assuming women's income to be supplemental to their household. This actively disincentivizes wage-earning and therefore could reduce participation in the labour market by women, potentially threatening their right to work. Policymakers should be aware of the extent to which tax policies, such as the treatment of income derived from jointly-owned assets of married couples, strengthen or break down gender inequalities, or discriminate against different types of households.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Sep 21, 2020
Paragraph
Extreme inequality and human rights 2015, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- However, in reading the jurisprudence generated by most of the treaty bodies, it is difficult to escape certain conclusions. First, article 3 of the International Covenants on Human Rights, which asserts equal rights for men and women, has perhaps not been given its fullest reading, especially in terms of access to resources. Second, for all of the attention given to affirmative obligations to eliminate discrimination, much of the work of the treaty bodies seems unduly confined to a focus on specific violations of non-discrimination. Linked to this is a reluctance to develop notions of distributive equality, which has been much debated in the literature, and would give an important added dimension to the effort to combat extreme inequality. Third, the right to equality needs to be given greater attention so that it is able to add substantively to the jurisprudence of international human rights bodies in ways that it has not, thus far. Finally, the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has to date done all too little in practice, as opposed to its analysis in general comments, to explore what might be involved in the prohibitions in article 2 (2) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights against discrimination based on social origin, property or birth.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2015
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- However, the demands of unpaid care work often force women into precarious and informal jobs not covered by social insurance schemes linked to employment, such as paid parental leave, unemployment insurance or pensions. This further contributes to their poverty and economic dependency on men.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Poverty
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 73
- Paragraph text
- In line with the human rights approach, all policies must be participatory in their design and implementation, provide for accountability and redress mechanisms and be based on the objective to meaningfully empower women socially, politically and economically.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 16
- Paragraph text
- Not only do women living in poverty perform the lion's share of unpaid care work, they also stay poor because they do so. Dedication to unpaid care work and resulting scarcity of time have significant financial and opportunity costs that perpetuate poverty among women.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 96
- Paragraph text
- [States should:] Address the practical factors that impede women's ability to claim their rights, including the status of women and gender-based stereotypes, prejudices and norms
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
The importance of social protection measures in achieving Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 2010, para. 65
- Paragraph text
- In order to ensure that women's rights are fully respected, social protection programmes must be accompanied by gender-sensitive social services, including sexual and reproductive health care. This requires investment in public services, without which social protection programmes will not be effective. Women and girls, for example, may be prevented from meeting conditionalities imposed by a programme if social services are far away and transportation costs are too high, or if they fear being sexually assaulted while making the trip required. Girls may not attend school if there are no separate sanitation facilities for them or if they are harassed by teachers or other students. Mothers may not bring their children to the hospital owing to discriminatory practices on the part of health-care providers (for example, requesting the consent of the husband) or communication difficulties (for example, women might be expected to demonstrate some form of literacy or might not be able to communicate in their minority language). In the same vein, women may choose not to use clinics for child delivery because of a lack of skilled birth attendants or culturally appropriate birthing methods.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Social protection and old age poverty 2010, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Older women are not only more likely to be poorer than men, but they are also likely to be burdened with caregiving responsibilities for other family members, especially their grandchildren. In some countries, accusations of witchcraft against poor older women are common, revealing worrying discriminative patterns.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Older persons
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
The implementation of the right to social protection through the adoption of social protection floors 2014, para. 48
- Paragraph text
- This reading is reinforced by the fact that the earlier provisions of Goal 1 seek to resolve the competition between the two ways of measuring poverty by endorsing both, but in very different terms. Target 1.1 follows the World Bank by calling for the eradication, by 2030, of "extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day". Given that this is a very low standard, the aspiration is a limited one. But when it comes to "men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions", the aim in target 1.2 is only to "reduce at least by half the proportion" by 2030. In other words, that target implies acceptance that as many as half of those currently living in extreme poverty, as measured by the multidimensional approach described above, will continue to do so beyond 2030. For a planet with immense wealth and one that is able to mobilize vast resources very rapidly for projects that further the interests of the elites, that is a shameful goal and one that is clearly inconsistent with the recognition that all persons are entitled to at least the minimum core of economic and social rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Taxation and human rightss 2014, para. 44
- Paragraph text
- Low levels of revenue collection have a disproportionate impact on the poorest segments of the population and constitute a major obstacle to the capacity of the State to finance public services and social programmes. A lack of access to quality services is a constituent element of poverty, and people living in poverty are particularly dependent on public services, being unable to pay for private alternatives. In addition, their specific needs and characteristics make it more likely they will have to interact with State-funded institutions and services on a regular basis. This is particularly the case for people who experience multiple forms of discrimination and disadvantage; for example, persons with disabilities are more likely to come into regular contact with health and social services, while women are more likely to be directly dependent on social protection and health systems for at least some period of their lives because of their sexual and reproductive health and maternity-related needs. Women also serve as unpaid alternative care providers when public services are not adequately funded, increasing their time burden and limiting their opportunities to engage in paid work, education, training or leisure, while also negatively affecting their enjoyment of rights such as health, education, participation and social security.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Persons with disabilities
- Women
- Year
- 2014
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
The right to participation of people living in poverty 2013, para. 86d (iv)
- Paragraph text
- [In order to comply with their human rights obligations regarding the right to participation, the Special Rapporteur recommends States undertake the following actions:] Access to information: Improve communications infrastructure and the accessibility and affordability of information and communication technologies in rural areas and poor communities, including by providing training to people living in poverty, in particular women.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
The World Bank and human rights 2015, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur analysed 13 projects on gender-based violence that are part of a major Bank initiative on the issue and were approved between January 2012 and June 2015. None of the relevant project documents engages substantively with the human rights dimensions of gender-based violence. Passing references can be found to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women or the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, but no analysis of the relevant rights and obligations is provided and the provisions are not linked to the project at hand. In fact, even the generic terms "human rights" and "rights" are rarely used and when they are, no elaboration is provided. The intended project beneficiaries are presented not as rights holders, but as clients or service recipients. The borrowing State bears contractual responsibilities towards the Bank, but no reference is made to its international or domestic human rights obligations. No reference is made to responsibility for gender-based violence by State actors, such as police or health-care workers, despite the frequency of such problems, and no reliance is ever placed upon the detailed human rights-based frameworks for tackling gender-based violence drawn up by the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and various other international human rights actors, despite the fact that the Convention has been almost universally ratified.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Violence
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2015
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 60
- Paragraph text
- Lack of women's perspective in policymaking on agriculture, water and food management, despite their being key actors in these areas, results in misinformed decision-making and jeopardizes women's rights further. Similarly, policy discussions at all levels suffer from an inherent bias because women and men with intensive caring responsibilities are not present, contributing to the invisibility and inattention to care work in public policy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Food & Nutrition
- Gender
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 59
- Paragraph text
- One of the most significant factors inhibiting women's capacity to participate in public life is men's failure to share unpaid care work, and the lack of services supporting this work. Intense and unequal care responsibilities often confine women to the domestic sphere, excluding them from paid work and public life and preventing them from participating in important decision-making processes at the community and national level.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 91
- Paragraph text
- States should also take account of unpaid care work in development planning and programming, including in the post-2015 development agenda. Any goals, indicators and targets adopted should reflect an awareness of the intensity and distribution of unpaid care work and its impact on women's human rights and opportunities for human development. To this end, equality in access to public services should constitute a central goal.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 52
- Paragraph text
- Policymakers must ensure that unpaid care work does not hamper women's equal enjoyment of the right to social security. Social security and social assistance programmes must take account of women's unequal burden of unpaid care work. For example, States must take measures to ensure that social insurance schemes are designed to take account of factors, including child-rearing periods, that prevent women from making equal contributions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- All social protection programmes, including employment guarantee programmes, must be participatory, gender-sensitive and accessible to women with care responsibilities. Information regarding social protection programmes and eligibility must reach women living in poverty working in the home, through locally adapted and gender-sensitive communication strategies.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- For the poorest women, accessible, gender-sensitive public services are the most direct and effective way to redistribute their heavy unpaid care workload and reduce its drudgery and intensity. This can have a direct impact on their enjoyment of human rights, and the rights of those they care for. In many contexts, the provision of such services is a matter of great urgency.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 54
- Paragraph text
- Lack of access to infrastructure and technology, including water and sanitation facilities, electricity and domestic technologies, exacerbates the unpaid care work of women living in poverty who have to dedicate a huge amount of time to domestic tasks such as fetching water or preparing foods. For example, a study in the Democratic Republic of the Congo showed that women with traditional stoves worked as much as 52 hours per week more than would be necessary with fuel-efficient stoves.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Poverty
- Water & Sanitation
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 53
- Paragraph text
- States must ensure that women and men must have an equal right to family benefits and these should be provided taking into account the resources and circumstances of the household. All women, including those in informal or atypical work, should be granted paid maternity leave and benefits for an adequate period and States must take steps to the maximum of their available resources to ensure that social security systems cover persons working in the informal economy.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 55
- Paragraph text
- Because unpaid care work is unrecognized and undervalued, Governments rarely make investments in the development and distribution of affordable technology that could significantly reduce the intensity and duration of women's work within the home. Lack of access to such technologies undermines women's well-being and reduces the time they can allocate to the more interactive part of care that would better improve the well-being of care recipients.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- Lack of timely, reliable and comparable sex-disaggregated data on women's unpaid care work is a major obstacle to evidence-based gender-sensitive policymaking, leading to negative outcomes for those who perform significant amounts of unpaid work. States should therefore conduct regular time-use surveys, with a view to recognizing, reducing and redistributing unpaid care work.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 30
- Paragraph text
- Unpaid care is often a determining factor in women's decisions or opportunities regarding work. Studies show that time devoted to unpaid care work is a major obstacle to women taking on paid employment or starting an income-generating activity outside the home. In Latin America and the Caribbean, over half of women surveyed aged 20 to 24 did not seek outside employment because of unpaid responsibilities; the number of women in this group was in fact higher than the number in the education system.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Gender
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 43
- Paragraph text
- The right to health may also be affected by unpaid care work. There are limits to how much care a person can give without negative impacts on their own health. Thus, when public policies implicitly assume the free and limitless availability of unpaid care, and fail to take it into account by supporting, funding or provisioning care, this can have a major impact on the health of women caregivers and the quality of care that they are able to provide.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- The unequal distribution of unpaid care work is highly reflective and determinative of power relations between women and men. Discriminatory gender stereotypes, which construe women as second-class citizens whose place is in the home, cause and perpetuate this unequal distribution of work, rendering women's equal enjoyment of rights impossible. Addressing care responsibilities is thus an essential component of the obligations of States to ensure gender equality at home, work and in society more broadly.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Economic Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Gender
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Men
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- States are also obliged to take steps to prevent third parties, including business enterprises or private individuals, from interfering in the equal enjoyment of the right to work. For example, States have a legal obligation to ensure that employers do not discriminate against women on the basis of assumptions about the primacy of their care obligations or because of beliefs that women's place is in the home.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Access to justice for people living in poverty 2012, para. 95
- Paragraph text
- Given the great diversity of social contexts, there is no "one size fits all" solution for ensuring access to justice for persons living in poverty. Differing national and local contexts create a variety of challenges and opportunities for reform that must be taken into account. Success in all contexts, however, will share the features of a human rights-based approach. Solutions require tackling not only legal obstacles but also a range of extralegal factors: social, economic, cultural, linguistic, etc. Solutions must be sought at local levels, designed and implemented with the active participation of the communities affected. Therefore, policymakers and legal authorities should have a specific contextual understanding of local legal institutions and the variety of obstacles on the ground that impede access to justice by persons living in poverty, and implement multidimensional solutions that can strengthen their agency and ensure their enjoyment of their rights. Special attention must be paid to women and groups that are particularly excluded, such as indigenous peoples, older persons and migrants. With this in mind, States must take immediate and effective action to ensure that persons living in poverty are not denied enjoyment of their human rights because of insurmountable obstacles which prevent them from accessing the justice system. To this end, the Special Rapporteur wishes to present the following recommendations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Ethnic minorities
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2012
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph
Unpaid care work and women's human rights 2013, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- The amount, intensity and drudgery of unpaid care work increase with poverty and social exclusion. Women and girls in poor households spend more time in unpaid work than in non-poor households, in all countries at all levels of development. This imbalance has a number of causes, including limited access to public services for people living in poverty, lack of adequate infrastructure in the regions and communities where they live, and lack of resources to pay for care services or time-saving technology.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Poverty
- Person(s) affected
- Girls
- Women
- Year
- 2013
- Date modified
- Feb 14, 2020
Paragraph