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Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 49
- Paragraph text
- There are particular challenges to transparency in the health sector. Asymmetric information between providers, payers and users leads to provider or user moral hazard. Information is divided between a multitude of different actors, including regulators, payers, providers, users and suppliers, which reduces transparency. There are many varying ways to improve transparency depending on the context. For example, transparency in procurement is enhanced through public access to procurement bidding results, monitoring of the prices paid and analysis of bids. Transparency in recruitment can be supported through the publication of criteria. Transparency through the promotion of information that sets out the services and treatments to which individuals are entitled and how these services are reimbursed can help minimize inequalities in access to care through corrupt practices. The publication of transparent waiting lists can negate the practice of bribery to access more rapid treatment.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 14
- Paragraph text
- With the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and recent efforts by influential global actors such as WHO, the Movement for Global Mental Health and the World Bank, mental health is emerging at the international level as a human development imperative. The 2030 Agenda and most of its sustainable development goals implicate mental health: Goal 3 seeks to ensure healthy lives and promote well-being at all ages and target 3.4 includes the promotion of mental health and well-being in reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases. How national efforts harness the momentum of the 2030 Agenda to address mental health has important implications for the effective realization of the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 13
- Paragraph text
- Alongside general corruption, health sector corruption is widespread and has serious consequences for the enjoyment of the right to health on the basis of equality and non-discrimination. The most common forms of corruption in the health sector are selling government posts, absenteeism, bribes, procurement corruption, theft or misuse of property, fraud, and embezzlement of user fee revenue, as well as informal payments to health-care providers. A range of stakeholders may be implicated in these and other corrupt practices in the health sector affecting the enjoyment of the right to health. These include but are not limited to health ministers, parliaments, accrediting and licensing bodies, public and private insurers, hospitals, health professionals and health professional associations, community health workers, pharmacists, pharmaceutical companies and biotechnology companies, medical researchers and medical research groups and patients and patient support groups. As will be argued below, they all bear responsibilities with regard to the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 41
- Paragraph text
- States have an obligation to protect against harm by third parties, including the private sector, and should work to ensure that private actors support the realization of the right to mental health, while fully understanding their role and duties in that respect.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- The obligation to secure social determinants to promote mental health requires cross-sectoral action to ensure a robust commitment from all relevant ministries. For example, suicide prevention strategies are traditionally targeted towards high-risk groups and address clinical depression as a biomedical phenomenon, while cross-sectoral programmes that address the social and environmental determinants of suicide through population-based approaches show more promise. Bullying in schools is another phenomenon to be considered as a global and national public health priority. States should first and foremost address emotional and psychosocial environments, targeting relationships rather than individuals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 2
- Paragraph text
- While corruption manifests at many levels within societies and States, the present report focuses on the links between corruption and the enjoyment of the right to the highest attainable standard of health. Corruption in government, institutions and society at large is a significant obstacle to the enjoyment of the right to health of individuals and groups. In countries with a higher level of perceived national corruption, there is a much higher prevalence of poor health. Corruption in Government and society can reduce the ability of the government to raise resources for health and other social sectors through putting off investors or donors or as a result of tax evasion.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 1
- Paragraph text
- Corruption can have a devastating effect on good governance, the rule of law, development and the equitable enjoyment of all human rights, including the right to health. Corruption has been the subject of international legal commitments as well as recent political commitments. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (targets 16.5 and 16.6) stipulate that corruption and bribery, in all their forms, should be substantially reduced by 2030 and that effective, accountable and transparent institutions should be developed at all levels.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- Representatives of academic psychiatry and other mental health researchers can have significant and long-lasting ties to drug manufacturers yet believe that they are immune to explicit or implicit bias, provided that they disclose these ties. Similarly, journal editors can have financial ties to the same drug companies and publish these studies, also believing that their judgment is not compromised. However, there are decades of research demonstrating that scientists are not immune to guild interests and implicit bias and that transparency or disclosure of financial conflicts of interest is an insufficient solution.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 37
- Paragraph text
- Some obligations are not subject to progressive realization and must be implemented immediately, including certain freedoms and core obligations. Core obligations include the elaboration of a national public health strategy and non-discriminatory access to services. In terms of the right to mental health, that translates into the development of a national mental health strategy with a road map leading away from coercive treatment and towards equal access to rights-based mental health services, including the equitable distribution of services in the community.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 21
- Paragraph text
- Mindful that the nature of corruption means that it is often difficult to distinguish intentional malfeasance from inefficiencies, errors, and differences in judgments and in priorities, the Special Rapporteur underlines that enhancing transparency is particularly important not only to address clearly corrupt practices but also to address these harmful phenomena, which obstruct the enjoyment of the right to health.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 93a
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that social and underlying determinants for the promotion of mental health for all are addressed, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States:] Prioritize mental health promotion and prevention in public policy, scaling investments across the relevant ministries;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- Mental health has often been neglected and when it does receive resources, it becomes dominated by ineffective and harmful models, attitudes and imbalances. That has led to the current situation of the grossly unmet need for rights-based mental health promotion and care. People of all ages, when they have mental health needs, too often suffer from either an absence of care and support or from services that are ineffective and harmful.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 94a
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that international cooperation secures the right to mental health and the 2030 Agenda, States and multilateral and international institutions should:] End all financial support for segregated residential mental health institutions, large psychiatric hospitals and other segregated facilities and services;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 61
- Paragraph text
- The element of quality compels going beyond the idea of users as mere recipients of care towards their full consideration as active holders of rights. To stop discriminatory practices, States should rethink the way they provide mental health care and support (see A/HRC/34/58).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 32
- Paragraph text
- As to physical accessibility, health sector corruption can lead to choices that are less favourable to the community, for instance as a result of bribes, health-care facilities may be built in urban or wealthy areas rather than in locations accessible to poor or rural populations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 57
- Paragraph text
- Organizations administering health insurance schemes and insurance regulators have a responsibility to prevent embezzlement, theft and illicit enrichment from the health insurance budget and bias in favour of certain procedures, medical professionals or products due to conflicts of interests. They should avoid adverse selection practices leading to patients being refused on the basis of their health status, age, financial capacity or other factors.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 64
- Paragraph text
- Existing evidence shows that mental health policies and services are especially prone to ineffective and corrupt practices, as well as the use of biased evidence. These obstacles, if not properly addressed, divert mental health policies and services from the effective realization of the right to health and hinder implementation of Sustainable Development Goals, including Goal 3 and a very important target: to promote mental health and well-being.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 85
- Paragraph text
- The failure of the status quo to address human rights violations in mental health-care systems is unacceptable. As mental health emerges as a policy priority, it is crucial now to assess the failure to chart a better way forward, reaching consensus on how to invest and how not to invest.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- It is the global burden of such obstacles, rather than the global burden of mental disorders, that should be addressed as a priority in mental health policies and services. In that connection, corruption in mental health research, education and services should be addressed as one of the most important concerns or obstacles.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 95d
- Paragraph text
- [To ensure that health-care services guarantee the right to mental health for all, States should:] Scale up investment in alternative mental health services and support models;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 27
- Paragraph text
- In recent years, a number of United Nations human rights bodies have acknowledged the negative impacts of corruption on the enjoyment of human rights. By its decision 2002/106, the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights appointed a Special Rapporteur on the impact of corruption on human rights, in particular economic, social and cultural rights. In her reports, the Special Rapporteur established that the enjoyment of both civil and political and economic, social and cultural rights are seriously undermined by corruption. In a report published in 2015, the Advisory Committee to the Human Rights Council explained that a human rights perspective on the impact of corruption can move the victims to the centre of the fight against corruption by highlighting the negative impacts of corruption on the individuals and groups concerned. The human rights perspective also reveals that the State bears the ultimate responsibility for such acts. Establishing the links between corruption and human rights can promote access to human rights mechanisms to combat corruption, thus creating new opportunities for monitoring and litigation (see A/HRC/28/73, paras. 27-28 and 32).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 92a
- Paragraph text
- [To address the imbalance of the biomedical approach in mental health services, the Special Rapporteur recommends that:] States take immediate measures to establish inclusive and meaningful participatory frameworks in the design of and decision-making around public policy, to include, inter alia, psychologists, social workers, nurses, users of services, civil society and those living in poverty and in the most vulnerable situations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 87p
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to:] Create awareness, for example through the development of ethical guidelines, among health-care providers that they should remain independent from outside organizations and avoid conflicts of interest with the best interests of their patients;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 15
- Paragraph text
- The current momentum and opportunity to advance are unique. It is from this juncture in history, within a confluence of international processes, that the Special Rapporteur seeks to make a contribution with the present report.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
The right to mental health 2017, para. 90
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur seeks to develop, through an inclusive and participatory process and open dialogue, guidelines on human rights and mental health to support all stakeholders in the implementation of rights-based mental health policies in their respective areas of work. He welcomes contributions and suggestions in this respect.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- All
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 88f
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur also urges other relevant stakeholders to:] Enhance transparency and avoid misusing the principle of academic autonomy when investments in health and health care are addressed, so that the integrity of academic medicine and its commitment to the realization of the right to health is not undermined.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Corruption and the right to health 2017, para. 87o
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur urges States to:] Develop non-biased and evidence-based treatment guidelines to reduce opportunities for corruption;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2017
Paragraph
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 8
- Paragraph text
- The many synergies between the Sustainable Development Goals and the right to health notwithstanding, there are a number of challenges. Many of the health-related targets are reductive in their approach and do not reflect critical right-to-health elements. A superficial interpretation of the health indicators threatens to undermine the fulfilment of right-to-health obligations, for example to ensure that health-care coverage is not merely expanded but that it meets critical right-to-health requirements, including availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality. Many of the Goals' health-related targets and indicators focus narrowly on biomedical aspects, despite the requirement to ensure that health promotion and primary care are grounded in human rights and modern public health principles. The commitments made in the Declaration of Alma-Ata and the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, 1986, should be reaffirmed and revitalized by all stakeholders, and the ninth Global Conference on Health Promotion should serve that purpose.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 11
- Paragraph text
- The present section provides only a very brief introduction to the right-to-health framework and some of the ways in which it can reinforce, strengthen and advance the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals. It is important to recall a fundamental difference between human rights and the Sustainable Development Goals. While the Sustainable Development Goals are political commitments, the right to health gives rise to legally binding obligations on States to progressively realize the right to health, as well as duties on the part of other actors, and to do so in the context of their policies and programmes on the Goals.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph
Report of the SR on the right to health and Agenda 2030 2016, para. 102
- Paragraph text
- The 2030 Agenda provides momentum to pave the way, both in developing and developed countries, for sustainable investments in modern public health policies and break the vicious cycle of poverty, inequities, social exclusion, discrimination and violence. States and other actors implementing the Sustainable Development Goals must not be tempted to target the "low-hanging fruit" at the expense of the most marginalized and vulnerable.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- N.A.
- Year
- 2016
Paragraph