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Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 117
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur welcomes policymaking discussions on migration in international policy platforms. The Special Rapporteur also welcomes the efforts made by the Global Migration Group to tackle migration issues from a human rights perspective, to be led by OHCHR. He also encourages inter-institutional coordination at the national level, including through specific mechanisms and with the participation of civil society, consular services, local governments and the private sector, for the development and implementation of migration policies that adopt a human-centred perspective.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 66
- Paragraph text
- The enjoyment of human rights by migrants, regardless of immigration status, is a crucial means to ensure equitable human development and social development and justice for migrants. Migrants can play an active role in the social and economic development of host countries and contribute to the development of countries of origin and transit, particularly when their human rights are fulfilled in a manner that ensures equal opportunities and gender equality. Human rights, together with gender and age-sensitive strategies, should therefore feature prominently and systematically as an integral part of the overall strategy to achieve development in the context of migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 67
- Paragraph text
- Migration governance should be clearly human-centred, and grounded in human rights law, and it should therefore recognize the inherent dignity of every human being, promote equality and the prohibition of discrimination and fully incorporate the principle of equal opportunities and choices for all so that everyone, regardless of immigration status, can develop their own unique potential and have a chance to contribute to development and social progress. Ensuring that all migrants, regardless of their immigration status, enjoy their internationally recognized human rights at all stages of the migratory processes in countries of origin, transit and destination should be the guiding principle of migration governance.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 68
- Paragraph text
- In the Special Rapporteur's view, the international community has created an important momentum for enhanced international cooperation in addressing the multifaceted issues raised by the international movement of people, as advocated by the Secretary-General in his report on international migration and development in 2005. In his view, it is imperative that human rights are fully incorporated in all migration-related processes and that a rights-based approach to migration features prominently at the policy and decision-making levels on migration governance-related issues. In light of the foregoing, the Special Rapporteur wishes to put forth a number of general recommendations for further consideration and action.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 71
- Paragraph text
- Efforts directed to adopt a human rights-based approach to migration governance should be redoubled. States and other stakeholders should systematically be guided by, and further the realization of, human rights standards contained in and principles derived from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international human rights instruments, including the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, in all migration initiatives, including those implying multi-stakeholders cooperation and technical assistance and in all phases of the migration process.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 75d
- Paragraph text
- [States should consider that irregular migrants are generally in a very vulnerable condition and that irregularity is due to several factors (including restrictive migration policies, social exclusion and marginalization as well as demand for labour in countries of destination). States should accordingly:] Promote multi-pronged and multi-stakeholder initiatives, preferably including civil society and migrants themselves (such as research, advocacy strategies, policy discussions, etc.) in order to examine the context-specific and human rights-based options to address irregular migration.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur encourages the establishment and implementation of institutionalized services and programmes to provide comprehensive support and protection to persons arriving in mixed migratory flows, especially women, children and the elderly, including means to detect those who are in need of international protection. Protection services should include access to humanitarian assistance in the first instance, including adequate food and water, and access to health services, legal advice and effective asylum procedures. Longer term needs should include access to durable solutions in the case of persons in need of international protection and support for return to the community of origin for those people who are deemed able to return with no risk to their human rights.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Humanitarian
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Older persons
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 82
- Paragraph text
- States should prohibit ethnic profiling of migrant communities as a form of discrimination.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 87e
- Paragraph text
- [In cases where, exceptionally, detention of migrants is justified, this should not be made in facilities for criminals. Migration-related detention centres should not bear similarities to prison-like conditions. In connection with immigration detention facilities, States should bear in mind that:] Social protection (including access to education, health care, recreation and legal assistance), as well as contact with family in both countries of destination and origin, should be guaranteed: contact should also be facilitated with immigrant communities in destination countries and civil society institutions.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Families
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 92a
- Paragraph text
- [Alternative measures should be systematically considered by States before resorting to immigration detention. States should ensure that the conditions and criteria to choose alternative measures do not discriminate in law or practice against particular groups of non-nationals, whether on the basis of their origin, economic situation, immigration or other status. These means also should be:] The least intrusive and restrictive in order to attain the same objectives of immigration-related detention, such as avoiding that migrants abscond and guaranteeing their presence in court or at administrative proceedings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 92b
- Paragraph text
- [Alternative measures should be systematically considered by States before resorting to immigration detention. States should ensure that the conditions and criteria to choose alternative measures do not discriminate in law or practice against particular groups of non-nationals, whether on the basis of their origin, economic situation, immigration or other status. These means also should be:] Subjected to legal review and migrants should therefore be granted the possibility of challenging them before a judicial or other competent and independent authority or body.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Civil & Political Rights
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Impact of the criminalization of migration on the protection and enjoyment of human rights 2010, para. 94
- Paragraph text
- States should enact and use a broad range of alternative measures. In developing such measures, States should draw on some of the existing practical alternatives already applied in some States. Alternative measures may include registration requirements; reporting or monitoring conditions; the deposit of a financial guarantee; or an obligation to stay at a designated address, an open centre or other special accommodation. Reporting requirements, where used, should not be unduly onerous, invasive or difficult to comply with. Bail, bond and surety should be made available to irregular migrants under conditions that are reasonable and realistic. The use of open centres, directed residence or special accommodation should be developed, with open centres preferred over more restrictive alternatives.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 70
- Paragraph text
- In conclusion, the realization of the rights to health and adequate housing plays a crucial role in the integration of migrants in host societies. Obstructing and limiting access to services, institutions and goods that give effect to such fundamental rights represents not only violations of migrants' human rights, but also obstacles to migrants' inclusion and their active participation in the host States. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, such denial of human rights carries significant costs not only to migrants and their home countries, but also to host countries, including social disintegration and public health dangers. Despite progress made as a result of a number of encouraging good practices, the Special Rapporteur considers that many challenges lie ahead and wishes to make the following recommendations.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 80
- Paragraph text
- In view of the fact that migratory processes and living conditions of migrants in host States may have negative effects on their mental health, States should ensure that migrants' access to health care includes mental health care. In this regard, States should pay particular attention to improving the mental well-being of migrants by creating services that are integrated and appropriate to their needs. Further studies into the mental health needs of migrants, which recognize the crucial interrelationship between social circumstances and mental health and help provide an insight into relevant mental health care and assistance, in particular to migrant women, migrant children and migrants in detention, are required.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Women
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 84
- Paragraph text
- The best interest of the child requires that States take specific measures to ensure that all migrant children are able to enjoy the right to health, including continued access to health, as well as the rights related to health, such as the right to obtain a birth certificate. The right to health for unaccompanied children must be ensured immediately upon arrival, regardless of their immigration status. Furthermore, any decision to repatriate children to countries of origin should take into account the access to the right to health in those countries in the determination of what is in the child's best interest.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Health
- Person(s) affected
- Children
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 88
- Paragraph text
- States should, at a minimum, provide migrants in irregular situations at risk of homelessness with a level of housing which ensures their dignity and allocate resources to shelters which provide assistance to migrants in irregular situations. In this regard, cooperation and partnerships with non-governmental organizations, welfare organizations and community-based organizations at the grass-roots level are strongly encouraged. In the long term, regularization of migrants in irregular situations should be considered, so as to better protect their right to adequate housing.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Enjoyment of the rights to health and adequate housing by migrants 2010, para. 89
- Paragraph text
- States should ensure that evictions are carried out only in exceptional circumstances and in accordance with international human rights law. Affected individuals should be fully consulted and informed in advance of any planned evictions in languages they understand, and should be provided with alternative accommodation and compensation, and due process rights. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur encourages States to refer to the Basic Principles and Guidelines on Development-Based Evictions and Displacement formulated by the Special Rapporteur on adequate housing (A/HRC/4/18, annex).
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Social & Cultural Rights
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2010
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Recapitulation of main thematic issues (irregular migration and criminalization of migrants; protection of children in the migration process; the right to housing and health of migrants) 2011, para. 22
- Paragraph text
- In recapitulating the concerns and findings gathered in the exercise of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur reiterated concern at the increasing intolerance towards migrants and their vulnerability to potential racist or xenophobic violence, trafficking and smuggling and the fact that migrants with irregular status often fear to seek protection from authorities and are hence left without access to basic social rights. He stressed that migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in all countries of origin, transit and destination around the globe. The Special Rapporteur thanked the Human Rights Council for the privilege and opportunity of serving the mandate.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Irregular migration and criminalization of migrants, protection of children in the migration process and the right to housing and health of migrants 2011, para. 78
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur would like to thank the Human Rights Council for the privilege and opportunity he has had to serve in this capacity. Unfortunately migrants are facing increasing intolerance and are becoming more vulnerable to potential racist or xenophobic outbreaks of violence, or they may fall prey to criminal traffickers and smugglers. Those with an irregular status are often afraid or unable to seek protection and relief from the concerned authorities and are often left without access to basic social rights, particularly health care, education and housing. However, migration can be an essential component of development and prosperity in countries of destination, transit and origin in all regions of the world, and migrant labour continues to be vital, and in demand, in most countries around the globe.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Equality & Inclusion
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Irregular migration and criminalization of migrants, protection of children in the migration process and the right to housing and health of migrants 2011, para. 79
- Paragraph text
- The Special Rapporteur has proposed a few possible themes to be further developed and highlighted the relevance of these issues to the mandate, taking into account a human rights perspective. These two issues, migration in the context of climate change and political participation and civil rights of migrants, are gaining interest and momentum. Further discussion on these themes would allow the mandate to present innovative approaches to these aspects involving migration and they underscore the need for a human rights perspective in global discussions among stakeholders.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2011
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] States should work together to reduce climate change by cooperating to reduce global warming by committing to reduce greenhouse gases, including through identifying clear targets through commitments within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93b
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Considering the difficulty of obtaining reliable data on climate-change-induced migration, States, and especially States with economic means, should provide more support for research on climate-change-induced migration, including on the definition of such migration, and the production of reliable disaggregated statistical data, that would allow policymakers at all levels of governance to identify the populations most at risk of climate-change-induced displacement and develop strategies to alleviate their vulnerability;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] In their assessment and planning programmes for devising mitigation and adaptation strategies in order to cope with climate change, States must identify the priority vulnerable populations who are susceptible to migrate internally or internationally for causes at least partly related to climate change, as well as those who should migrate but are not able to do so, and identify their specific needs;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] States should support civil society organizations that give a voice to such vulnerable populations, including migrants or potential migrants, with a view to ensuring their meaningful participation in all the deliberations regarding their future as citizens and/or migrants;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] States should devise and implement local and national migration policies and strategies to facilitate internal climate-change-induced migration, where needed, including through building urban infrastructure that is sustainable, flexible and inclusive in order to accommodate internal migrants. Such policies and strategies should fully respect their domestic laws and obligations under international human rights norms and standards, including the political participation of vulnerable populations, as well as means of redress available to migrants against human rights violations;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Climate change and migration 2012, para. 93g
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur thus notes that coordinated international cooperation on climate-change-induced migration will be required in order to devise appropriate responses to the needs of affected populations. With a view to assisting States in the development of appropriate responses, the Special Rapporteur makes the following recommendations:] Regional intergovernmental organizations, international organizations and international financial institutions should support, facilitate and, where necessary, initiate, the negotiation of such agreements, through political leadership, financial assistance and technical support.
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Environment
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 72a
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur calls on States to consider progressively abolishing the administrative detention of migrants. In the meantime, Governments should take measures to ensure respect for the human rights of migrants in the context of detention, including by:] Ensuring that procedural safeguards and guarantees established by international human rights law and national law are applied to any form of detention. In particular, grounds for detention of migrants must be established by law. A decision to detain should only be taken under clear legal authority, and all migrants deprived of their liberty should be informed in a language they understand, if possible in writing, of the reasons for the detention and be entitled to bring proceedings before a court, so that the court can decide on the lawfulness of the detention. Migrants in detention shall be assisted, free of charge, by legal counsel and by an interpreter during administrative proceedings;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 72c
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur calls on States to consider progressively abolishing the administrative detention of migrants. In the meantime, Governments should take measures to ensure respect for the human rights of migrants in the context of detention, including by:] Ensuring that the law sets a limit on the maximum length of detention pending deportation and that under no circumstance is detention indefinite. There should be automatic, regular and judicial review of detention in each individual case. Administrative detention should end when a deportation order cannot be executed;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 72d
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur calls on States to consider progressively abolishing the administrative detention of migrants. In the meantime, Governments should take measures to ensure respect for the human rights of migrants in the context of detention, including by:] Ensuring that migrants under administrative detention are placed in a public establishment specifically intended for that purpose or, when this is not possible, in premises other than those intended for persons imprisoned under criminal law. The use of privately run detention centres should be avoided. Representatives of, inter alia, national human rights institutions, OHCHR, UNHCR, ICRC and NGOs should be allowed access to all places of detention. All migrant detention facilities - whatever their form - should be subject to a common set of standards, policies and practices and should be monitored by an independent central authority that is dedicated to ensuring compliance with the common set of standards, policies and practices;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph
Detention of migrants in an irregular situation 2012, para. 72e
- Paragraph text
- [The Special Rapporteur calls on States to consider progressively abolishing the administrative detention of migrants. In the meantime, Governments should take measures to ensure respect for the human rights of migrants in the context of detention, including by:] Ensuring that the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention and Imprisonment are applied to all migrants under administrative detention. The principles include the provision of a proper medical examination as promptly as possible and medical treatment and care whenever necessary and free of charge; the right to assistance, free of charge if necessary, of an interpreter and a legal counsel; the right to communicate with the outside world, in particular family and counsel; the right to obtain, within the limits of available public resources, educational, cultural and informational material;
- Body
- Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants
- Document type
- Special Procedures' report
- Topic(s)
- Education
- Governance & Rule of Law
- Movement
- Person(s) affected
- Persons on the move
- Year
- 2012
- Date added
- Aug 19, 2019
Paragraph